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2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ) Unit24 Society難句.剖析.拓展 北師大版選修8 1. Besides, we’re all taxpayers so the more we earn the more tax we have to pay to those who govern us. 除此之外, 我們都是納稅人, 因此, 我們掙的錢越多, 就要向管理我們的政府繳更多的稅。 剖析：這是一個(gè)由so連接的并列句, 第一個(gè)并列分句是we’re all taxpayers , 第二個(gè)并列分句是 the more we earn the more tax we have to pay to those..., 其中包含一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)the more..., the more..., who govern us是定語(yǔ)從句, 修飾those。 拓展：辨析the more...the more...和more and more： 雖然同是形容詞的比較級(jí), 但是兩個(gè)有不同含義。 the more...the more...“越……越……”, 表示兩個(gè)過(guò)程按比例同時(shí)遞增。前一個(gè)the more...結(jié)構(gòu)為分句, 后一個(gè)the more...結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;通常是從句在前, 主句在后。這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往有省略。如: The sooner you start, the more quickly you’ll finish it. ＝If you start sooner, you will finish it more quickly. 你開始得越早, 結(jié)束得就越快。 more and more...“越來(lái)越……”，表示一個(gè)過(guò)程的不斷增長(zhǎng)。如: As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired. 他繼續(xù)往前走的時(shí)候，感到越來(lái)越疲乏。 2. And the result of all this?Not increased happiness, but stress and less free time to be ourselves and enjoy being with our friends and families. 而這一切的結(jié)果呢?不是更快樂(lè)了, 而是壓力增加了, 留給自己和家人、朋友享受樂(lè)趣的時(shí)間更少了。 剖析：這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句可合為一句話。the result是主語(yǔ), is是系動(dòng)詞, 表語(yǔ)是由not...but...連接的Not increased happiness, but stress and less free time。to be ourselves and enjoy being with our friends and families是不定式作定語(yǔ), 修飾less free time, 當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式連用時(shí), 第二個(gè)可以省略to。increased是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾happiness。 拓展：1)not...but...“不是……而是……”, 表示取舍關(guān)系，常連接主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。 not only...but also...“不但……而且……”, 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，常連接兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和并列句。 2)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。 3)介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、形容詞短語(yǔ)要變成不定式, 需要加to be。 3. Trade unions demand that the government shorten the working week. 工會(huì)要求政府縮短每周的工作時(shí)間。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, Trade unions demand...是主句, that the government shorten the working week是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句, 從句中用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 省略了should。 拓展：在表示命令、要求等動(dòng)詞的后面, 其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”, should可省略。表示“要求”的動(dòng)詞有demand, insist, desire, request, require等?？碱}中, ?？疾槭÷詓hould的形式。其對(duì)應(yīng)名詞也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 這類名詞有demand, desire, requirement, order, decision等。如: The little girl demanded that she be sent to Xinjiang. 4. They are also suggesting that people should share work and thus reduce unemployment. 他們還建議人們應(yīng)該分享工作, 降低失業(yè)率。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, They are also suggesting...是主句, that people should share work and thus reduce unemployment是賓語(yǔ)從句。 拓展：在表示建議、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面, 其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣, should可省略。常用動(dòng)詞有suggest, propose, remend, advise等, 其對(duì)應(yīng)名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句中也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如: His suggestion was that the baby be taken good care of. 他的建議是這個(gè)嬰兒應(yīng)該受到很好的照料。 但是, 當(dāng)suggest作“暗示”講時(shí), 不能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如: His smile on his face suggested that he agreed on the decision. 他臉上的微笑說(shuō)明他同意這個(gè)決定。 5. As a society, it’s high time that we took these issues more seriously. 作為整個(gè)社會(huì)來(lái)講, 我們?cè)缇蛻?yīng)該更嚴(yán)肅地考慮這些問(wèn)題了。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, as a society是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ), it’s high time...是主句。take sth. seriously “嚴(yán)肅地考慮某事”。 拓展：It’s high time that sb. did sth. 是固定句型, 表示“到了某人干某事的時(shí)候了”, 含有責(zé)備的感情色彩, 從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, that引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如: It is high time that you went to school. 到了你上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。 注意與This is the first/second...time后從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。 This is the first that I have visited Weihai. 這是我第一次參觀威海。 6. We should also make sure that there are better ways for young people to use their free time apart from spending money. 我們還要確保, 除了花錢以外, 輕人有更好的方式來(lái)打發(fā)他們的業(yè)余時(shí)間。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, We should also make sure...是主句, that there are better ways for young people to use their free time apart from spending money是賓語(yǔ)從句。for young people to use their free time 是不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ), 修飾ways, apart from spending money是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ), apart from＝as well as= besides, 表示“除了……之外”。 拓展：動(dòng)詞不定式常作定語(yǔ), 有主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式之分。在句子中, 當(dāng)能夠找到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 用主動(dòng)形式, 當(dāng)找不到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 表示將來(lái)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 用to be done, 表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 用being done, 表示完成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 用done作定語(yǔ), having been done作狀語(yǔ)。如: I have a lot of work to do, so I can’t go to the party. 我有很多工作要做, 因此, 不能夠去參加晚會(huì)。 He will put forward three suggestions at the meeting to be held next Monday. 在下周一的會(huì)上, 他將要提出三條建議。 7. Above all, we should remember that “being” and “doing” are much more important than “having”. 更重要的是, 我們應(yīng)該記住“做人 ”和“做事”比“擁有”更重要。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, above all是狀語(yǔ), we should remember...是主句, that “being” and “doing” are much more important than “having”是賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中的主語(yǔ)“being” and “doing”是指兩件事情, 因此, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 拓展：由and連接的名詞的主謂一致情況分以下幾種: 1）當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞指兩個(gè)事物時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如: Being honest and doing good deed are both important. 誠(chéng)實(shí)和做好事都是重要的。 2）當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)疑問(wèn)連詞指同一個(gè)事物時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如: When and where the bridge will be built hasn’t been decided. 在哪里和什么時(shí)候建造這個(gè)大橋還沒(méi)有定下來(lái)。 3）當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)名詞指同一人、同一事或同一概念時(shí), and后面那個(gè)名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)都有冠詞的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如: The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around. 那位老師, 也是作家, 受到周圍人的尊敬。 4）用and連接的單數(shù)名詞, 前面有each, every, many a, no修飾語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。如: Every man, woman, and child is willing to take part in games. 每一位男女老少都愿意參加運(yùn)動(dòng)。 8. They were then able to place guards at the entrances of the various hutongs, which made it easier to keep an eye on people’s movements. 他們派衛(wèi)兵把守著胡同的入口，這樣做使他們?nèi)菀妆O(jiān)視人們的舉動(dòng)。 剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, They were then able to place guards at the entrances of the various hutongs是主句;which made it easier to keep an eye on people’s movements是定語(yǔ)從句, it是形式賓語(yǔ), 不定式to keep...作真正的賓語(yǔ)；easier是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。keep an eye on sb. “監(jiān)視某人”。 拓展：it 作形式賓語(yǔ)句型可以歸納為6123結(jié)構(gòu):6指主句中常用的動(dòng)詞:make, think, believe, find, consider, feel等；1指的是形式賓語(yǔ)it；2指的是賓補(bǔ)的兩種形式:形容詞或名詞； 3指的是真正的賓語(yǔ)的三種形式:不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如: We think it our duty to water the flowers every day. He felt it important reading English aloud in the morning. He finds it easy that he can remember fifty words in an hour in a special way. 9. By connecting people’s homes, the hutongs in fact connected people’s lives, whether the lives of the rich or the lives of the ordinary citizens. 胡同使家家戶戶相通, 實(shí)際上不管是富人還是普通市民, 他們的生活都被胡同聯(lián)系起來(lái)了。 剖析：1)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句, By connecting people’s homes是方式狀語(yǔ), the hutongs connected people’s lives是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。whether...or...在句中連接兩個(gè)并列成分, 作people’s lives的同位語(yǔ)。 拓展：1）動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 并與介詞一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)在句子里擔(dān)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如: The old man is making a life by mending shoes. 這位老人靠補(bǔ)鞋謀生。（作狀語(yǔ)) The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. （作定語(yǔ)) 最簡(jiǎn)單的廣告是分類廣告。 They are against using so many animals in experiments. （作表語(yǔ)) 他們反對(duì)用如此多的動(dòng)物去做試驗(yàn)。 2）要強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)明“動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作”發(fā)生于“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作”之前時(shí), 多用動(dòng)名詞的完成式, 如果無(wú)意具體說(shuō)明“動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作”發(fā)生于什么時(shí)候, 或是“動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作”與“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作”是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí), 就只用動(dòng)名詞的一般式。 I regret having said some rude words to my brother. （完成式) 我后悔對(duì)我弟弟說(shuō)了些粗話。 We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing. （完成式) 我們不知道他們干過(guò)這種事情。