2019-2020年高中英語語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 十三、英語語法 非謂語動(dòng)詞-動(dòng)名詞 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版動(dòng)名詞是非謂動(dòng)詞的又一種形式。它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動(dòng)詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。 這兩種形式的另一個(gè)相同之處是：它們都是由動(dòng)詞變化而成的，它們都保留了動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語）他在公眾場(chǎng)所講話時(shí)總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（動(dòng)名詞短語，作賓語）她不喜歡在公眾場(chǎng)所講話。 嚴(yán)格地說，動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞還是有很多區(qū)別的：首先，動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的動(dòng)作意義不如現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)，因?yàn)閯?dòng)名詞已經(jīng)將動(dòng)作名詞化了，它不再強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身了，它已把某個(gè)動(dòng)作視為某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情了。比如說，動(dòng)名詞常在句中作主語、直接賓語；我們都知道，在句中作主語、直接賓語的詞只有是名詞、代詞，因此從某種意義上說，動(dòng)名詞就相當(dāng)于名詞、代詞了。例如：Climbing up the mountain will make you exhausted. 爬上這座山會(huì)使你筋疲力盡。Stop talking please. 請(qǐng)不要講話。其次，正由于動(dòng)名詞在某種意義上相當(dāng)于名詞、代詞，所以它前面也可有名詞的"所有格形式"或是物主代詞的所有格作修飾語。例如：Would you mind my smoking here 您介意我在這兒吸煙嗎？We extended a warm wele to Mr. Rieders ing to our party. 我們對(duì)里德先生來參加聚會(huì)表示熱烈的歡迎。從動(dòng)名詞在句子里的作用來看，它類似于名詞；可以作主語、定語、表語和賓語。下面讓我們分別看看動(dòng)名詞在句中作不同成分的具體情況。 1. 作主語動(dòng)名詞作主語與不定式作主語在語序位置方面較相似，但在表達(dá)意思上有差異。動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，它已經(jīng)將動(dòng)作名詞化了，已把某個(gè)動(dòng)作視為某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情了，動(dòng)作意義很弱，比較抽象。而不定式作主語的動(dòng)作意義較強(qiáng)，多指"要是去做某事"，這種動(dòng)作往往是"要發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作",比較具體。例如： Breathing became difficult at that altitude. 在那個(gè)海拔高度呼吸變得很困難。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good .早晨朗讀英文會(huì)給你帶來許多好處。Cheating on an exam ruins ones character .考試作弊毀壞人的性格。It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office .我從辦公室回家要花十分鐘。It needs time to make three copies of it .把它復(fù)制三份需要時(shí)間。動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，也常用"It is "和"There is "兩種句型。"It is "的句型常用于說明"某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情是如何，如何"。強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的性質(zhì)、特征等。常用于It is后面的詞有：no good , no use , useless , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。句型"There is "往往用于說明"不允許、禁止某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情發(fā)生或存在"。類似一種建議、命令等。例如：It is no use waiting for him any longer .等他是沒有用的。It is no good learning without practice .學(xué)而不實(shí)踐是沒好處的。It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light . 用這種方法去測(cè)量光速是危險(xiǎn)的。It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again .很值得再向你的指導(dǎo)老師咨詢一下這個(gè)問題。There is no joking about such matters .這種事開不得玩笑。There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded .不容抵賴這個(gè)事實(shí)，中國(guó)自它成立以來已在各個(gè)方面都取得了飛速的發(fā)展。There is no littering about . 不許亂扔雜物。2. 作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語的情況并不是很普遍，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)情況僅限于單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語。這種情況與單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有較大的區(qū)別：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語主要是說明被修飾詞的作用、意義等； 而單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語則主要是表示被修飾詞正在做什么。請(qǐng)看下面的比較：動(dòng)名詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語swimming pool 游泳池( the pool for swimming) working people 勞動(dòng)人民( the people who are working)reading material 閱讀材料sleeping child 熟睡孩子walking stick 手杖floating needle 浮針 opening speech 開幕詞oppressing class壓迫階級(jí)listening aid 助聽器developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家waiting room 候車室running water 自來水 3. 作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語主要說明"主語是做什么的、或是怎么回事"， 動(dòng)作意義弱，較抽象；而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語則主要是表示"主語的性質(zhì)、特征等"；不定式作表語卻主要說明或解釋"主語（要去）做什么事"，它比動(dòng)名詞更為具體，動(dòng)作意義更強(qiáng)。例如：His part-time job is promoting new products for the pany. （動(dòng)名詞） 他的業(yè)余工作是為那家公司推銷新產(chǎn)品。Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent .（動(dòng)名詞）讀書當(dāng)然是學(xué)習(xí)，然而運(yùn)用在很大程度上更是學(xué)習(xí)。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west . （動(dòng)名詞） 他們的任務(wù)是在西部探查油礦。The situation is very much encouraging .（現(xiàn)在分詞） 形勢(shì)非常令人鼓舞。His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （現(xiàn)在分詞） 他現(xiàn)在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year . （不定式）他們的計(jì)劃是今年再為員工們建一棟宿舍樓。His wish is to bee a pilot. （不定式） 他的愿望是當(dāng)飛行員。4. 作賓語A）常見的用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的及物動(dòng)詞：avoid (避免) , cease (停止) , cant help (忍不住) , consider (考慮) , deny (抵賴) , delay (拖延) , enjoy (喜歡) , endure (忍受) , escape (逃離) , excuse (原諒) , finish (完成) , give up (放棄) , imagine (想象) , keep on (繼續(xù)) , leave off (結(jié)束、省去) , mind (介意、反對(duì)) , miss (錯(cuò)過) , need (需要) , postpone (推遲) , practice (練習(xí)) , put off (推遲) , require (需要) , risk (冒險(xiǎn)) , stop (停止) , suggest (建議) 等。例如：He managed to escape suffering from the disease .他設(shè)法避免患那種疾病。After hearing the funny story , all of us couldnt help laughing ear to ear. 聽完了那個(gè)滑稽故事，我們?nèi)滩蛔〈笮α?。Excuse my interrupting you for a while .請(qǐng)?jiān)徫掖驍_你一會(huì)兒。Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.史密斯教授考慮在學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)下一章之前給他們一份讀書清單。When he came back home from his night shift , Jason tried to avoid wakening his family .當(dāng)杰遜下夜班回到家時(shí)，他盡力不弄醒他的家人。The suspect denied turning on the puter in the office that night.犯罪嫌疑人否認(rèn)他那晚開過辦公室的電腦。B）有些及物動(dòng)詞后既可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，也可用不定式作賓語，兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上差別不大。常見的有：attempt (打算) , begin (開始) , cant afford (花不起) , cant bear (無法容忍) , continue (繼續(xù)) , deserve (值得) forget (忘記) , hate (不喜歡) , intend (打算) , like（喜歡） , love (愛) , neglect (忽略) , need (需要) , prefer (寧愿) , propose (提議) , want (需要)等。例如：Do you prefer strolling outside or staying inside ( to stroll outside or to stay inside ) ? 你是想在外面散步，還是想呆在室內(nèi) ？I cant afford watching ( to watch ) the game through to the end because I should be at work in thirty minutes .這場(chǎng)比賽我是看不完了，因?yàn)榘胄r(shí)后我要上班。I like playing ( to play ) chess with you , but not today .我喜歡和你下棋，但不是今天。When did you begin learning ( to learn ) English ?你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英文的？Maria intended visiting ( to visit ) her parents last weekend , but she caught by something else . 上周末，瑪莉婭曾打算去看她的父母親，但卻因其他的事而脫不開身。注意：當(dāng)need , want表示"需要"意義時(shí)，后面所接的動(dòng)名詞具有被動(dòng)意義，例如：The office needs cleaning thoroughly . ( = to be cleaned thoroughly .) 這間辦公室需要徹底打掃。The roses in your garden want watering .( = to be watered . ) 你花園里的玫瑰需要澆水。C）有些及物動(dòng)詞后也是既可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，也可用不定式作賓語，但是兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上存在一定的差別：- 在like , love , hate , prefer等詞后，若表示強(qiáng)調(diào)"某種愛好、一般性的傾向"，需用動(dòng)名詞作賓語；如指某次將發(fā)生的具體行為，則多用不定式作賓語。例如：She likes dancing more than singing .她喜歡跳舞勝過唱歌。She likes to go dancing with her colleagues this weekend.這個(gè)周末她想和同事一塊兒去跳舞。Men often hate going window-shopping .男人通常不愛逛商店。Davis hates to talk about that topic at next meeting .戴維斯不想在下次會(huì)議上談那個(gè)話題。She prefers swimming to running . 她喜歡游泳而不喜歡跑步。She prefers to go swimming this afternoon .今天下午她要去游泳。- 在remember, regret后面，接動(dòng)名詞表示"已發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作"；接不定式表示"現(xiàn)在發(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的動(dòng)作" 。例如：I remember having posted the letter today .我記得今天把那封信發(fā)出去了。Ill remember to post the letter for you .我會(huì)記得幫你將信發(fā)出去的。I regret not telling her the truth before she left .我后悔在她離開前告訴她實(shí)情。I regret to say I am not prepared well enough for the new post .很遺憾地說，我還沒有為新的職位作好充分的準(zhǔn)備。- 在begin , start , 和cease之后，接動(dòng)名詞表示"強(qiáng)調(diào)有意識(shí)地開始或停止某動(dòng)作"；不定式則表示"自然、突然地發(fā)生的動(dòng)作"。例如：She began learning to cook before her marriage .她是婚前開始學(xué)燒飯的。It began to snow yesterday .昨天開始下雪了。They started developing the new product in xx .xx年他們開始研制那種新產(chǎn)品。 No sooner had we arrived home than it started to rain heavily. 我們剛一到家就下起大雨來了。He ceased smoking when he got something wrong with his lung .當(dāng)他的肺部出了毛病時(shí)，他停止吸煙了。Electronic games ceased to interested him after he began to work .他參加工作以后，電子游戲不再使他感興趣了。- stop后接動(dòng)名詞表示"要開始動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作"，而后接不定式則表示"終止不式表示的動(dòng)作" ；try后接動(dòng)名詞表示"試著干某事"，而后接不定式則表示"盡力干某事" 。例如：Stop talking please . (終止"講話"的動(dòng)作)請(qǐng)不要講話了。Lets stop to take a break . （開始"休息"的動(dòng)作）讓我們停下來休息一會(huì)兒。The boy tried installing his puter and succeed at last . （試著"安裝" ）那個(gè)男孩試著安裝他的電腦，最后成功了。Ill try to finish the position of the book by October .（盡力"完成" ）我要盡力在十月以前完成這本書的寫作。D）動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語，并與介詞一起構(gòu)成介短語在句子里擔(dān)當(dāng)定語、狀語、表語，如：Im looking forward to your ing next time . （作狀語） 我期待著您下一次的到來。On hearing our delegation in Sydney had won 28 gold medals , all the Chinese people cheered up with great joy and showed their great respects to our athletes . （作狀語）當(dāng)聽到我國(guó)在悉尼的奧運(yùn)代表團(tuán)獲得了28塊金牌時(shí)，全 中國(guó)人民都高興地歡呼起來，并向我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)健兒們表示崇高的敬意。The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad .（作定語）最簡(jiǎn)單的廣告是分類廣告。They are against using so many animals in experiments .（作表語）他們反對(duì)用如此多的動(dòng)物去做試驗(yàn)。另外，在說明"動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作狀態(tài)"方面，我們有一般式和完成式。當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)說明"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"發(fā)生于"謂語動(dòng)作"之前時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞的完成式；如果無意具體說明"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"發(fā)生于什么時(shí)候，或是"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"與"謂語動(dòng)作"是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，就只用動(dòng)名詞的一般式。例如：He is fond of watching sports-games .（一般式）他喜歡觀看體育競(jìng)賽。She likes making herself busy all the day .（一般式）她喜歡使自己終日忙忙碌碌的。The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report in time .（完成式）那位秘書因沒有按時(shí)將報(bào)告打印出來而受責(zé)備。I regret having said some rude words to my brother .（完成式）我后悔對(duì)我弟弟說了些粗話。We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing（完成式）我們不知道他們干過這種事情。當(dāng)然，上面所將的也并不是絕對(duì)的。有些動(dòng)詞后（或成語中），我們也可用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示發(fā)生于"謂語動(dòng)作"之前的"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"。例如：I dont remember ever seeing her any time .我不記得曾幾何時(shí)見過她。He apologized for interrupting us .他因打斷了我們的談話而向我們道歉。Thank you for offering me so much help .感謝你們給我提供了這么多的幫助。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞在句子中的邏輯主語在意義上是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的賓語時(shí)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。 "being + 過去分詞"是動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的一般形式；"having + been + " 是動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的完成形式。例如：People hate being praised for nothing .人們不喜歡無緣無故的贊揚(yáng)。The problem is far from being solved .這問題遠(yuǎn)沒得到解決。His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot .他當(dāng)選為我們的主席使我們想起了許多許多。She didnt mind being left alone at home .她不介意被一人留在家里。After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly .他接受了特殊化的訓(xùn)練后，能順利地對(duì)付他周圍的一切。He cant remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter . 他不記得老板曾為那件事責(zé)備過他。但是在很多情況下，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般被動(dòng)形式；避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的完成形式，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)使句子顯得累贅。最后，還有一點(diǎn)值得我們注意：want（需要）, need（需要）, deserve（值得）, require（需要）等詞后，我們用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意思。例如：Your car needs filling . 你這車要充氣了。This city deserves visiting . 這座城市值得光顧一下。The problem requires studying carefully .這個(gè)問題需要認(rèn)真研究。