第2講 代詞、介詞和介詞短語(yǔ),考點(diǎn)1 代詞it用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)How would you like_if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? A. them B. one C. those D. it 【解析】選D。句意: 要是你正在看你喜愛的電視節(jié)目, 而有人進(jìn)來(lái)并且不經(jīng)你允許就把它關(guān)掉了你會(huì)有何感受? like it when/if結(jié)構(gòu)為常用的短語(yǔ)搭配。,2. (2014浙江高考)An average of just 18. 75 cm of rain fell last year, making _ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. this D. one 【解析】選B。句意: 去年平均降雨量為18. 75厘米, 是加利福尼亞州1850年建立以來(lái)最干旱的年份。句中it指代的是last year。,3. (2014大綱版全國(guó)卷)Whos that at the door? _is the milkman. A. He B. It C. This D. That 【解析】選B。句意: 誰(shuí)在大門那兒? 是送牛奶的人。當(dāng)不能確定對(duì)方的性別或身份時(shí)常用it指代某人。,4. (2014山東高考)Susan made_clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. A. that B. this C. it D. her 【解析】選C。句意: 蘇珊明確向我說(shuō)明, 她想為自己謀得一種新生活。此處it作形式賓語(yǔ), 而真正的賓語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。,5. (2014陜西高考)Id appreciate _ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. A. it B. you C. one D. this 【解析】選A。句意: 如果你能讓我提前知道你是否能來(lái), 我會(huì)很感激的。Id appreciate it if sb. did. . . 如果某人做我會(huì)很感激的, 是固定句型。,6. (2012全國(guó)卷)Sarah made_to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning. A. herself B. this C. that D. it 【解析】選D。句意: 今天早晨薩拉及時(shí)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng), 趕上了飛機(jī)。make it為固定短語(yǔ), 表示成功做成某事。,【解題技巧】 1. 明確選項(xiàng)代詞所指向的考點(diǎn)意義: (1)看到提供的四個(gè)代詞要想到此題考查重點(diǎn)是代詞用法辨析; (2)快速回憶所提供代詞詞義并讀出題干要表達(dá)的語(yǔ)境, 要想到命題人所要達(dá)到的考試意圖。,2. 代詞it在特定語(yǔ)境中的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用, 包括: (1)代替前文提到的某個(gè)特定的事物; (2)主要用于身份不具體或不能確定的人; (3)用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ); (4)用于某些特定的短語(yǔ)或句式中:,考點(diǎn)2 it, (the)one, (the)ones, that, those等替代詞的用法 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)The quality of education in this small school is better than_in some larger schools. A. that B. one C. it D. this 【解析】選A。句意: 這所小學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量要比一些大學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量好。that可以指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù), 表特指, 也可指代不可數(shù)名詞; one指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù), 表示泛指; it指代同名同物; this指代上文提到的事物。the quality of education不可數(shù), 故選A。,2. (2013四川高考)The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_on the small ones. A. one B. this C. that D. it 【解析】選C。句意: 主干道上的交通比小街道的交通擁有更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的綠燈信號(hào)。one指代前文的表泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞; this為指示代詞, 表示“這個(gè)”; that指代前文不可數(shù)名詞或表特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞; it指代前文提到的那個(gè)事物。根據(jù)句意可知是特指不同街道的green signal, 故用that。,3. (2013浙江高考)Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. A. these B. some C. ones D. those 【解析】選D。句意: 來(lái)自16個(gè)國(guó)家的被調(diào)查的人中, 一半人說(shuō)他們會(huì)在第一時(shí)間告訴他們最好的朋友最大的愿望以及最大的恐懼。those代指the people, 此處有定語(yǔ)修飾, 是特指。ones是泛指。,【解題技巧】 1. 明確it, (the)one, (the)ones, that, those替代的名詞。,注意: (1)the one有后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)可換成that; (2)the ones有后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)可換成those; (3)that指代物, 不指代人(定語(yǔ)從句中除外); one可指代人或物。,2. 正確理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)。分析句中空白部分在句中應(yīng)替代的成分, 是替代前面特定的名詞還是泛指不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)的名詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)概念, 判斷要填入的代詞, 然后對(duì)比選項(xiàng)從而挑出合適的選項(xiàng)。,考點(diǎn)3 不定代詞的用法 【典例】1. (2015重慶高考)The meeting will be held in September, but_knows the date for sure. A. everybody B. nobody C. anybody D. somebody 【解析】選B。句意: 這個(gè)會(huì)議將在九月舉行。但是沒有人確切地知道日期。根據(jù)連詞but可知前后兩句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系, 從而選擇表示否定意義的B項(xiàng)。,2. (2015四川高考)Niki is always full of ideas, but_is useful to my knowledge. A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none 【解析】選D。句意: Niki總是有很多點(diǎn)子, 但是據(jù)我所知, 所有這些點(diǎn)子都沒有用。從句子中but一詞可判斷前后句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系, 故要用none表示“所有的都不”。,3. (2015陜西高考)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against_. A. another B. the other C. other D. either 【解析】選B。句意: 為了取暖, 這個(gè)水手坐在火堆前, 一只光腳摩擦另一只。another另一個(gè), 用于三者或者三者以上; the other另一個(gè), 用于兩者; other其他的; either兩者中任何一個(gè), 也。腳是兩只, 故選B。,4. (2015福建高考)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but_contained any useful suggestions. A. all B. none C. either D. neither 【解析】選D。句意: 研究小組在調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上出具了兩份報(bào)告, 但是沒一份含有有用的建議。all和none作代詞時(shí), 分別指三者或以上的數(shù)量, all表示肯定“全部, 都”, none表示否定“沒有一個(gè)”; either或neither則指代兩者, either表示肯定, 意為“兩者之中任何一個(gè)”; neither表示否定, 意為“兩者都不”。,5. (2014江蘇高考)Good families are much to all their members, but _ to none. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 【解析】選C。句意: 優(yōu)秀的家庭對(duì)于所有的成員來(lái)說(shuō)意義重大, 卻并不是一切。none相當(dāng)于not any與everything連用表示部分否定。,【解題技巧】 關(guān)注以下常用代詞及特殊結(jié)構(gòu)用法: 1. something, anything, nothing及nothing but, anything but,2. none, no one/nobody, nothing 注意: no one無(wú)任何人, nothing無(wú)任何物, none無(wú)任何上文提到的人或物。,3. both, all, either, any, neither, none,考點(diǎn)4 介詞用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea? A. about B. to C. with D. over 【解析】選B。句意: 你是否聽說(shuō)過(guò)既是陸地動(dòng)物又是海洋動(dòng)物的棲息地的樹木? home一詞在英語(yǔ)中常與介詞to搭配, 意為“的家鄉(xiāng), 的棲息地或所在地”。,2. (2015福建高考)A common memory they all have_their school days is the school uniform. A. of B. on C. to D. with 【解析】選A。句意: 對(duì)于他們的上學(xué)的那些日子, 他們都共同記得的是校服。句中they all have作a common memory的定語(yǔ), 結(jié)合句意可知空格處用介詞of構(gòu)成詞組“a common memory of their school days”。,3. (2014浙江高考)People wont pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _ expression. A. from B. over C. with D. for 【解析】選D。句意: 當(dāng)人們有很多自己急需表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候, 他們就不會(huì)關(guān)注到你了。for在句中表示“為了”, 其后語(yǔ)意強(qiáng)調(diào)目的, cry for表示“要求; 急需”, 其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)均無(wú)與cry的固定搭配。,4. (2014陜西高考)The Scottish girl_blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest. A. by B. of C. in D. with 【解析】選D。句意: 長(zhǎng)著藍(lán)眼睛的蘇格蘭女孩在第五屆漢語(yǔ)演講比賽中得了第一名。with表示“帶(長(zhǎng))有, 佩戴”。故D正確。,【解題技巧】 明確常用介詞及其用法:,考點(diǎn)5 介詞短語(yǔ)用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work. A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion 【解析】選C。句意: 大多數(shù)人工作是因?yàn)楣ぷ魇遣豢杀苊獾?。相比之? 有些人的確很喜歡工作。根據(jù)句意可知前后是轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系, 故選C。,2. (2015浙江高考)These comments came _ specific questions often asked by local newsmen. A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of 【解析】選B。句意: 這些評(píng)論是對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匦侣動(dòng)浾邥r(shí)常提出的各種具體問題的回答。in memory of為紀(jì)念; in response to響應(yīng), 回答; in touch with與有聯(lián)系, 和有接觸; in possession of擁有。由句意可知此處指“對(duì)這些問題的回答”, 故選B。,3. (2014浙江高考)While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything_. A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place 【解析】選A。句意: 當(dāng)待在村莊里的時(shí)候, 詹姆斯無(wú)私地和村民們分享他擁有的任何東西, 不求任何回報(bào)。in return作為回報(bào), 符合句意。in common共有的; in turn反過(guò)來(lái), 依次; in place在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢谩?4. (2014浙江高考)Facing up to your problems _ running away from them is the best approach to working things out. A. more than B. rather than C. along with D. or rather 【解析】選B。句意: 勇敢面對(duì)你遇到的問題而不是逃避它們是最好的解決問題的方式。more than超過(guò), 多于; rather than而不是; along with連同一起, 與一道; or rather更精確地說(shuō)。,5. (2013浙江高考)It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. , Ill set the table. A. As a result B. On the whole C. In the meanwhile D. As a matter of fact 【解析】選C。句意: 如果你去商店購(gòu)買我們晚餐需要的東西就算幫了大忙; 同時(shí), 我會(huì)收拾好餐桌。as a result結(jié)果; on the whole總體來(lái)說(shuō); in the meanwhile與此同時(shí); as a matter of fact事實(shí)上。,【解題技巧】 介詞短語(yǔ)往往形式固定, 無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu)變化, 考生需要對(duì)特定短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行記憶和有效識(shí)別: 1. “介詞/復(fù)合介詞+名詞”型: in vain徒然; in advance事先, 提前; in turn反過(guò)來(lái); in detail詳細(xì)地; in need在危難中, 在困境中; on purpose故意地; by accident/chance偶然地; in debt負(fù)債; beyond recognition認(rèn)不出, 面目全非; out of question毫無(wú)疑問; out of date過(guò)期的, 過(guò)時(shí)的; on the contrary相反; in particular尤其, 特別是; around the corner即將來(lái)臨。,2. “介詞+名詞+介詞”型: in place of代替; in addition to除了; in spite of盡管, 不顧; on behalf of代表; in reply to答復(fù); in response to響應(yīng), 對(duì)作出反應(yīng); by means of用, 依靠; in charge of主管, 負(fù)責(zé); in favor of支持, 贊同; in case of以免; in terms of依據(jù), 按照; on account of由于, 因?yàn)? in relation to關(guān)于, 涉及; with regard to關(guān)于; in association with與相聯(lián)系; in return for作為對(duì)的回報(bào)。 3. 其他類型: due to因?yàn)? 由于; apart from除之外; thanks to幸虧; rather than而不是; other than除了; instead of而不是; regardless of不管, 不顧; except for除了。,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 no one, none, nothing, anything, everything等混淆 (2013安徽高考)This project requires close teamwork. _will be achieved unless we work well together. A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything,(變式)This project requires close teamwork, that means we should work well together. A. nothing B. anything C. something D. everything (變式)This project requires close teamwork. can ignore the fact that we should work well together. A. Nothing B. None C. Something D. No one,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)題句意: 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目需要密切合作。除非我們一起好好工作, 否則將一事無(wú)成(nothing)。一定要注意unless(除非=if. . . not. . . )所強(qiáng)調(diào)的前后句間的邏輯關(guān)系。故選A。 (2)題中通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞means可知所填空與means后面的句意是一個(gè)意思, 即需要選擇的詞代指前面的close teamwork這一短語(yǔ), 故用something作同位語(yǔ), 表示“某種意味著的東西”之意。故選C。,(3)題中發(fā)出ignore這一動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是人, 而且根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處為泛指, none是特指, no one=nobody是泛指。故選D。 (4)代詞題目關(guān)鍵要突破兩大點(diǎn): 明確指代(指人指物; 可數(shù)不可數(shù); 指代幾者; 特指或泛指); 明確邏輯(上下文句意; 指代的具體范圍),易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 it, one, ones, that, those, what用法混淆 The new traffic rules that took effect on January 1 are much stricter than_in the past. A. that B. this C. what D. those (變式)Though the new traffic rule that took effect on January 1 is quite strict, most drivers are in favor of_. A. one B. it C. what D. those,(變式)Though the new traffic rules that took effect on January 1 are quite strict, we are expecting stricter_. A. that B. it C. those D. ones (變式)The new traffic rule that took effect on January 1 is quite a strict regulation, most drivers are in favor of. A. that B. this C. it D. one,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)題句意: 1月1日生效的新交規(guī)比過(guò)去的那些要嚴(yán)格很多。those代指the traffic rules。故選D。 (2)題句意: 盡管1月1日生效的新交規(guī)很嚴(yán)格, 但是大部分司機(jī)贊成此交規(guī)。it代指上面提到的同名同物, 即the new traffic rule。故選B。 (3)題句意: 盡管1月1日生效的很多新交規(guī)非常嚴(yán)格, 但是我們盼望著能有一些更嚴(yán)格的交規(guī)。ones代指與上面提到名詞(復(fù)數(shù))the new traffic rules同類的, 但是“更嚴(yán)格”的一些交規(guī)。故選D。,(4)題句意: 1月1日生效的新交規(guī)非常嚴(yán)格, 是一個(gè)大部分司機(jī)都特別支持的法規(guī)。one作quite a strict regulation的同位語(yǔ), 后面是定語(yǔ)從句, 省略了引導(dǎo)詞that或which。故選D。 (5)one=a(n)+單數(shù)名詞, 泛指; ones =零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 泛指; that= the+單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞, 特指; those=the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 特指; it指代前文提到的同名同物; one, ones之前或之后均可以加定語(yǔ)修飾; that, those只能加后置定語(yǔ)修飾。,易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3 固定搭配誤用 All the people present were shocked_the way he treated his friends. A. in B. on C. by D. for The school praised the girl_the way she faced up to the difficulties in her life. A. in B. on C. by D. for Maria had been expecting to get the house cleaned, but her three kids were always_the way, which annoyed her. A. in B. on C. by D. for,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)題句意: 所有在場(chǎng)的人都被他對(duì)待朋友的方式震驚了。本題事實(shí)上不是在考查way短語(yǔ)的搭配, 而是在考查be shocked by. . . 這一結(jié)構(gòu), 斷句就成了正確解答此題的關(guān)鍵, 因此正確選項(xiàng)為C項(xiàng)。 (2)題是對(duì)praise sb. for sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)的考查, the way其實(shí)只是for的賓語(yǔ), 選D。 (3)題做題的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)in the way短語(yǔ)的正確理解。句意: Maria一直想要把房間打掃干凈, 可是她的三個(gè)孩子一直礙事, 這使她生氣。in the way妨礙, 擋道; on the way在途中, 即將到來(lái); by the way順便說(shuō)一下。由句子語(yǔ)境可知, 選A。,