第5講 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),考點1 動詞的一般時態(tài) 【典例】1. (2015江蘇高考)The reason why prices_, and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. A. were B. will be C. have been D. had been 【解析】選A。句意: 價格過去和現(xiàn)在依然很高的原因是復雜的, 簡短的討論不能滿意地解釋這個問題。和and still are相對應, 空格處說明的是過去的情況, 故用一般過去時。,2. (2015重慶高考)Is Peter coming? No, he_his mind after a phone call at the last minute. A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. had changed 【解析】選B。句意: 彼得來嗎? 不來, 剛才接到一個電話后他在最后一刻改變主意了。由時間狀語at the last minute知, 表示過去發(fā)生的事需用一般過去時。,3. (2015北京高考)Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. All right. I_him later. A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling 【解析】選A。句意: Dr. Jackson現(xiàn)在不在辦公室。好的, 我待會兒再打給他。由later可知, 表示的是將來要執(zhí)行的動作, 故用一般將來時。,4. (2015湖南高考)As you go through this book, you_that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience. A. will find B. found C. had found D. have found 【解析】選A。句意: 當你在瀏覽這本書的時候, 你將發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)百萬經歷過第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的人都有非同尋常的經歷。分析句子結構得知as引導一個時間狀語從句, 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 主句用將來時態(tài), 故選A。,5. (2014重慶高考)Youd better write down her phone number before you_it. A. forget B. are forgetting C. forgot D. will forget 【解析】選A。句意: 趁你還沒忘你最好把她的電話號碼記下來。before引導時間狀語從句, 在條件或時間狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。,【易錯誤區(qū)】一般將來時還是一般現(xiàn)在時 (1)誤導原因: 表示將來的動作要用一般將來時。 (2)去偽存真: 在條件或時間狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。,6. (2013江蘇高考)What about your self-drive trip yesterday? Tiring! The road is being widened, and we_a rough ride. A. had B. have C. would have D. have had 【解析】選A。句意: 你們昨天的自駕游怎么樣啊? 太累人了! 那條道路正在被擴寬, 我們一路上車開得顛簸不平。根據(jù)問句中的yesterday可知談論的是過去的事情, 答句中“我們一路上車開得顛簸不平”也表示過去的事情, 因此用一般過去時。,【易錯誤區(qū)】 此題考生易受“The road is being widened”的誤導而選用現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)?！暗缆繁粩U寬”不是短時間內結束的動作, 昨天正在被擴寬, 今天仍然在被擴寬, 因此使用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動式。,7. (2013重慶高考)A Midsummer Nights Dream _at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened 【解析】選A。句意: 仲夏夜之夢6月19日在皇家劇院首演之后會在整個蘇格蘭巡回演出。表示已經計劃、安排好了或時間表上所安排, 并且一定要做的事情用一般現(xiàn)在時。用于這種句型的動詞主要是瞬間動詞come, arrive, start, open等。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握一般時態(tài)的基本用法: (1)表示經常性或習慣性動作、客觀事實或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時。 (2)表示過去某個時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)要想到用一般過去時。 (3)表示將來某一時刻要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)要想到用一般將來時。,2. 看清明確的時間狀語: (1)看到always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示頻率的時間狀語, 要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時。 (2)看到y(tǒng)esterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998, 時間段+later等表示過去的時間狀語, 要想到用一般過去時。 (3)看到tomorrow, next week, in the future, this weekend, in half an hour等表示將來的時間狀語, 要想到用一般將來時。,3. 注意以下幾點: (1)在時間狀語從句、讓步狀語從句和條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 If he comes tomorrow I can see him. (2)在飛機、火車等時刻表中規(guī)定的事情, 要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18: 20.,(3)表示起止的動詞如come, go, leave, arrive, fly等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時, 表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。 When does the plane for Brazil start? It starts in ten minutes. (4)在某些以here, there開頭的句子中, 常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。 Here comes the bus.,(5)幾種一般將來時表達方式的區(qū)別。,考點2 動詞的進行時態(tài) 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she_a class at that time. A. will teach B. would teach C. has taught D. will be teaching 【解析】選D。句意: 簡今天下午三點鐘不能出席會議, 因為那時她將正在上課。at that time代指at 3 oclock this afternoon, 表示將來的時間正在進行的動作, 故用將來進行時。,2. (2015湖南高考)He must have sensed that I_him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that? ” A. would look at B. looked at C. was looking at D. am looking at 【解析】選C。句意: 他肯定已經感覺到我當時正在看他, 他突然瞥了我一眼, 然后平靜地說: “你為何一直那樣盯著我? ”根據(jù)must have sensed以及語境得知, 此處表示對過去正在進行事實的說明, 故用過去進行時態(tài)。,3. (2014北京高考)Hi, lets go skating. Sorry, Im busy right now. I_in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill 【解析】選C。句意: 嗨, 我們去滑冰吧。抱歉, 我現(xiàn)在很忙。我正在填一份新工作的申請表。此句表示說話時正在發(fā)生的動作, 用現(xiàn)在進行時。,4. (2013四川高考)Hurry up, kids! The school bus_for us! A. waits B. was waiting C. waited D. is waiting 【解析】選D。句意: 快點, 孩子們! 校車正在等我們! 此處用現(xiàn)在進行時, 表示此時此刻正在進行的動作。,5. (2013江蘇高考)Could I use your car tomorrow morning? Sure. I_a report at home. A. will be writing B. will have written C. have written D. have been writing 【解析】選A。句意: 我明天上午可以使用你的汽車嗎? 當然可以, 明天上午我將在家寫報告。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語tomorrow morning可以判斷使用將來的時態(tài)。根據(jù)句意確定使用將來進行時, 隱含意義為“明天上午我將在家寫報告不用車, 因此我可以借給你使用”。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握進行時態(tài)的基本用法: (1)表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作要想到用現(xiàn)在進行時。 (2)表示過去某個時間正在發(fā)生的動作要想到用過去進行時。 (3)表示將來某一時間正在進行的動作, 或表示要在將來某一時間開始, 并繼續(xù)下去的動作要想到用將來進行時。,2. 注意以下幾點: (1)現(xiàn)在進行時或過去進行時與always, often, forever, continually, constantly等副詞連用時表示重復的動作, 有著極大的感情色彩, 表示贊嘆、不滿、厭煩等。 The girl is always talking loudly in public. 這個女孩總是在公眾面前大聲喧嘩。 They were always quarrelling then. 那時他們老是吵架。,(2)下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進行時: 表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞, 如like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, need等; 表示存在的狀態(tài)的動詞, 如appear, exist, lie, remain, seem等; 表示一時性非延續(xù)性動作的動詞, 如allow, accept, permit等; 表示感官的動詞, 如see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look等。,考點3 動詞的完成時態(tài) 【典例】1. (2015重慶高考)In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat _ cut. A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been 【解析】選D。句意: 在我的家鄉(xiāng), 麥子豐收之后農民總會有一個慶祝晚餐?，F(xiàn)在完成時表示動作已完成, 即動作完成之后才會舉行慶?；顒?。,2. (2015安徽高考)Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I_my book in the cafe. A. have left B. had left C. would leave D. was leaving 【解析】選B。句意: 我剛一到學校門口, 就意識到我把書落在餐館了。realized后省略了that, 這里是一個賓語從句, 從句時態(tài)與主句保持一致, “落下”的動作發(fā)生在“意識到”之前, 應該用過去完成時。,3. (2015北京高考)In the last few years, China _ great achievements in environmental protection. A. has made B. had made C. was making D. is making 【解析】選A。句意: 在過去的這些年里, 中國在環(huán)境保護中取得了很大的成就。由時間狀語in the last few years可推知動作從過去一段時間持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并對現(xiàn)在造成影響, 故用現(xiàn)在完成時。,4. (2015北京高考)Did you have difficulty finding Anns house? Not really. She _ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily. A. was to give B. had given C. was giving D. would give 【解析】選B。安告訴“我們”方向是在“我們”找到她家之前, 即“過去的過去”, 故用過去完成時。,5. (2014江蘇高考)How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well, the media_it in a variety of forms. A. cover B. will cover C. have covered D. covered 【解析】選C。句意: 對于南京即將舉辦的青年奧運會, 你了解多少? 哦, 媒體已經以各種形式對它進行報道了。強調媒體報道對我了解這件事產生的影響, 故應用現(xiàn)在完成時。,6. (2014浙江高考)Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she_most of the guests before. A. has seen B. had seen C. saw D. would see 【解析】選B。句意: 索菲亞向四周看了下所有的客人, 她感覺大部分客人以前都見過。根據(jù)謂語動詞looked, had和時間狀語before, 可知是過去的事情, 而“以前見過”應該發(fā)生在這些動作之前, 即“過去的過去”, 故用過去完成時。,7. (2014陜西高考)During his stay in Xian, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends_. A. would recommend B. had recommended C. have recommended D. were recommending 【解析】選B。句意: 在西安逗留期間, 杰瑞幾乎吃遍了朋友推薦的所有的當?shù)匦〕浴ecommend“推薦”發(fā)生在tried之前, 故用過去完成時。,8. (2013浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs_sharply. A. was increasing B. has increased C. had increased D. will be increasing 【解析】選B。句意: 近30年來, 參加健身活動的人數(shù)一直在急劇增加。during the last three decades近30年來, 這是包括現(xiàn)在時間在內的時間段, 是現(xiàn)在完成時的時間標志。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握完成時態(tài)的基本用法: (1)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài), 其結果和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系, 或表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時。 (2)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作要想到用過去完成時。 (3)表示在將來某一時間以前已經完成或一直持續(xù)的動作要想到用將來完成時。,2. 看清明確的時間狀語: (1)看到by the time+一般將來時的句子, by the end of +將來時間短語, before+表示將來時間的短語或句子等要想到用將來完成時。 (2)看到表示“過去的過去”要想到用過去完成時。 (3)看到by the time+一般將來時的句子, by the end of+將來時間短語, before+表示將來時間的短語或句子等要想到用將來完成時。,3. 注意以下幾點: (1)在時間或條件狀語從句中, 現(xiàn)在完成時可以代替將來完成時。 Dont get off the bus until it has stopped(代替it will have stopped). (2)非延續(xù)性動詞在完成時中不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。 I have kept the computer for a year. (不能用bought) (3)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.,(4)過去完成時還可用在hardly. . . when, no sooner. . . than, It was the first(second, etc. )time(that). . . 等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.,考點4 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài) 【典例】1. (2015陜西高考)Marty _ really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday. A. worked B. has been working C. had worked D. has worked 【解析】選B。句意: 馬蒂一直努力寫書, 他想他到周五為止將已經完成了。用現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示從過去到現(xiàn)在一直進行的動作。,2. (2015福建高考)Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere. He went to the library after breakfast and_his essay there ever since. A. wrote B. had written C. has been writing D. is writing 【解析】選C。句意: 彼得在哪里? 我到處都找不到他。早飯后他去了圖書館, 從那之后一直在那寫論文。現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從某一時間開始, 一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。,3. (2014湖南高考)Since the time humankind started gardening, we_to make our environment more beautiful. A. try B. have been trying C. are trying D. will try 【解析】選B。句意: 自從人類從事園藝以來, 我們就一直試圖把我們的環(huán)境打造得更美麗。結合語境及題干中的關鍵詞since, 應用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)。,【易錯誤區(qū)】身臨其境選時態(tài) (1)C項為現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài), 表示現(xiàn)階段動作正在進行; 在語境中體現(xiàn)不出動作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。 (2)D項為一般將來時態(tài), 表將來發(fā)生的動作, 與句中的關鍵句since. . . “自從以來”語境不符, 未體現(xiàn)出動作從過去到現(xiàn)在產生的影響。,4. (2014江西高考)Tony, why are your eyes red? I_up peppers for the last five minutes. A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting 【解析】選D。句意: 托尼, 你的眼睛怎么通紅? 剛才切了五分鐘的辣椒。根據(jù)問句的動詞are, 和答句的時間狀語for the last five minutes可知應選現(xiàn)在完成進行時。,【解題技巧】 1. 明確時態(tài)定義: 表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(還要繼續(xù)下去)的動作要想到用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 2. 注意時間狀語: 看到all the time, this week, all night等時間狀語, 以及與for和since引導的短語連用時要想到用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。,3. 注意以下幾點: (1)大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。 I have been writing a book. (動作還將繼續(xù)下去) I have written a book. (動作已經完成) (2)表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時, 如know, love, like, hate等。 I have known him for years.,考點5 動詞的各種語態(tài) 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement_so far by the two sides. A. has been reached B. was reached C. will reach D. will have reached 【解析】選A。句意: 盡管之前多輪談判, 但到目前為止雙方沒有達成任何協(xié)議。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語so far“到目前為止”可知用現(xiàn)在完成時。主語agreement與reach為被動關系。,2. (2015安徽高考)It is reported that a space station_on the moon in years to come. A. will be building B. will be built C. has been building D. has been built 【解析】選B。句意: 據(jù)報道, 人們在接下來的幾年里將在月球上建一個空間站。根據(jù)“in years to come”可知用將來時, space station和build是動賓關系, 應該使用被動語態(tài)。,3. (2015福建高考)To my delight, I_from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. A. was chosen B. was being chosen C. would choose D. had chosen 【解析】選A。句意: 讓我高興的是, 我從成百上千的參加者中被選中參加開幕式。由句意可知應該是被動語態(tài), 又因為被選中是過去發(fā)生的事情, 這里只是對過去發(fā)生的事情的一般描述, 故用一般過去時。,4. (2014天津高考)We wont start the work until all the preparations_. A. are being made B. will be made C. have been made D. had been made 【解析】選C。句意: 我們在所有的準備做好之后才開始工作。until引導的是時間狀語從句, 一般不用將來時; 這里強調完成, 故用現(xiàn)在完成時。由于preparations與make之間是被動關系, 應用被動語態(tài)。,【易錯誤區(qū)】將來時還是完成時 (1)誤導原因: 受漢語影響, 認為做好準備是將來時。 (2)去偽存真: until引導的時間狀語從句一般用現(xiàn)在時表示將來, 此處強調完成, 故用現(xiàn)在完成時。,5. (2014大綱版全國卷)Unless some extra money_, the theatre will close. A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found 【解析】選C。句意: 如果不能多籌集一些錢, 這個影院就要關閉。主句是一般將來時, unless引導的狀語從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。此處從句中主語money和find之間是被動關系。,6. (2013北京高考)Shakespeares play Hamlet _into at least ten different films over the past years. A. had been made B. was made C. has been made D. would be made 【解析】選C。句意: 莎士比亞的戲劇哈姆雷特在過去幾年里被制作成了至少十部不同的電影。時間狀語over the past years與現(xiàn)在完成時連用, 且主語與make之間是被動關系, 故用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動形式。,【解題技巧】 1. 熟記被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的運用:,2. 主動結構表達被動意義的特殊動詞: (1)系動詞類, 如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear, become, grow, turn, remain, stay, keep等。 The theory proved to be correct. 這個理論被證明是正確的。 (2)表示主語特征的詞, 如read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock, cook等, 常與not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副詞連用。 This kind of cloth washes easily.,3. 主動形式表示被動意義: (1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等動詞、worth等形容詞的后面, 動名詞主動形式表示被動意義, 其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. (2)在某些“主語(人/物)+be+形容詞十不定式”中不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這類形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。 The problem is difficult to work out.,(3)有些不及物動詞和短語動詞如break out, add up, happen, occur, spread, take place, belong to等本身就含有漢語譯文中所表達的被動意義。 Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978. (4)不定式作定語, 與其所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關系, 且與句中的主語或另一名詞或代詞有邏輯上的主謂關系時, 不定式使用主動結構表達被動意義。 He had an important meeting to attend. (句中to attend與meeting有邏輯上的動賓關系; 主語he與to attend有邏輯上的主謂關系) The next thing(for you)to do is to carry the boxes away. (句中to do與thing有邏輯上的動賓關系; you與to do有邏輯上的主謂關系),(5)在“too+adj. +不定式”或“adj. +enough +不定式”結構中, 如句中主語與不定式之間有邏輯上的動賓關系時, 不定式通常用主動結構表達被動意義。常用于此結構的形容詞有: hard, difficult, easy, heavy, light, fit, right, wrong, good, important等。 The box is too heavy(for you)to carry.,4. 被動結構表示主動含義: get married結婚; be addicted to sth. 沉溺于; be seated坐著; be lost in thought沉思著; be devoted to sth. 投身于, 專注于。 They got married last month.,5. 常用被動語態(tài)的幾個固定句型: (1)It is believed/said/reported/hoped/supposed that. . . 據(jù)信/據(jù)說/據(jù)報道/人們希望/人們認為 (2)It must be pointed out that. . . 必須指出 (3)It is generally considered that. . . 一般認為 (4)It is well known that. . . 大家都知道 (5)It must be admitted that. . . 必須承認,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯點1 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時混用 Tom, would you like to see the filmFurious7 with me tonight? Oh, its excellent, but I_it. (變式)Tom, would you like to see the filmFurious7 with me tonight? Oh, I_it last week. But its worth seeing again. A. see B. saw C. have seen D. had seen,【點撥】一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時區(qū)別 (1)一般過去時僅表示過去發(fā)生的并已經完成的動作, 不與現(xiàn)在有任何聯(lián)系; 而現(xiàn)在完成時雖然動作發(fā)生在過去但對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或動作仍然在持續(xù), 均與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。 (2)題語境中的動作已經發(fā)生并對現(xiàn)在造成影響, 故用現(xiàn)在完成時, 表示“我已經看過(對現(xiàn)在產生的影響是現(xiàn)在不想再看)”, 故選C。題根據(jù)關鍵信息last week可知此處時態(tài)用一般過去時, 表示過去“看”的動作與現(xiàn)在無關, 故選B。,易錯點2 一般過去時與過去進行時混用 She_her hand before she got on the train. (變式)She_her hand and then got on the train. A. has waved B. would wave C. waved D. was waving,【點撥】一般過去時與過去進行時區(qū)別 (1)一般過去時表示過去只做一次的動作; 而過去進行時可以表示過去反復發(fā)生的動作。 (2)題中表示在她上火車前不斷地揮手, 即過去反復發(fā)生的動作, 故選D。題中表示她先揮手再上火車, 是并列的一次動作, 故用一般過去時, 應選C。,易錯點3 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時混用 What do you think of our plan to Beijing? I_it over. Its a good idea. (變式)What do you think of our plan to Beijing? I have no idea about it. I_it over. A. have thought B. thought C. have been thinking D. had thought,【點撥】現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時區(qū)別 (1)現(xiàn)在完成時強調過去某一動作對現(xiàn)在產生的結果或影響, 一般不表示重復性; 現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調的是在一段時期內某項活動的持續(xù)性, 強調的是動作本身, 可以表示動作的重復。 (2)由語境知, 題表示“我已經考慮過這件事了”, 應用現(xiàn)在完成時, 選A; 題表示“我一直在考慮這件事”, 故用現(xiàn)在完成進行時, 選C。,易錯點4 語境關系把握不準 I_my project by the time you come to London. Great. This way you can act as my guide. (變式)I_my project by the time you came to London. I know. That was why you had time to act as my guide. A. will have finished B. have finished C. had finished D. would have finished,【點撥】 (1)by the time引導的時間狀語從句中若用一般過去時, 則主句用過去完成時; 從句中若用一般現(xiàn)在時, 則主句用將來完成時。 (2)根據(jù)以上原則, 題選A, 題選C。,易錯點5 被動語態(tài)特殊結構誤用 What do you think of the selected essays of Long Yingtai? Oh, excellent. Its worth_a second time. (變式)What do you think of the selected essays of Long Yingtai? Oh, excellent. Its worthy_a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. of reading D. reading,【點撥】 (1)題中be worth后接doing的主動式表被動意義。故選D。 (2)題考查worthy的結構, 常用be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done。故選B。,