第1講 細(xì)節(jié)理解題,考點1 直接信息理解類 【典例】(2015浙江高考B片段) . . . Most graphs have a few basic parts: a caption or introduction paragraph, a title, a legend or key, and labeled axes. An active reader looks at each part of the graph before trying to interpret the data. Captions will usually tell you where the data came from (for example, a scientific study of 400 Africanelephants from 1980 to 2005). Captions usually summarize the authors main point as well. The title is very,important. It tells you the main idea of the graph by stating what kind of information is being shown. A legend, also called a key, is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph. Many graphs, including bar graphs and line graphs, have two axes that form a corner. Usually these axes are the left side and the bottom of the graph. Each axis will always have a label. The label tells you what each axis measures. . . .,Q: When used in a graph, a legend is_. A. a guide to the symbols and colors B. an introduction paragraph C. the main idea D. the data,【解題思路】 速讀文章, 試找出相關(guān)的信息句, 并突出關(guān)鍵詞: _ _ 嘗試解答: _,A legend, also called a,key, is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph.,A,【解題技巧】 1. “斷章取義”尋依據(jù) 考生要從文段中獲得回答細(xì)節(jié)題的具體信息, 可用“尋讀法”, 即畫出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞語, 然后在文章中找出可能包含所需信息的段落或句子。運(yùn)用此法時, 應(yīng)根據(jù)文段的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作順序, 有針對性地尋讀, 迅速鎖定相關(guān)內(nèi)容。 2. 常見命題方式 特殊疑問句形式表達(dá): 以when, where, what, which, who, how等疑問詞開頭引出的問題。,考點2 間接信息理解類 【典例】(2015浙江高考A片段) From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This means that when they dont know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.,One day soon after school had started, I said to them, “Now Im going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, thats enough for me. Also Im not going to ask you what words mean. ” . . .,Q: The teacher told his students to read_. A. for enjoyment B. for knowledge C. for a larger vocabulary D. for higher scores in exams,【解題思路】 速讀文章, 試找出相關(guān)的信息句, 并突出與選項同義的詞: _ 嘗試解答: _,. . . but I want you to read them only for pleasure.,A,【解題技巧】 1. “同義互釋”定選項 間接理解題答案選項的表述通常不是使用文章的原話, 而是使用與文中同義或近義的詞語來表達(dá)?？蛇\(yùn)用排除法, 將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項提前進(jìn)行排除。,2. 正確選項有以下特征 對原句的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換。 詞性或語態(tài)有所變化。 語言簡化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語言進(jìn)行簡化。 正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)。 3. 常見命題方式 According to the author/passage. . . The reason. . . is that_. From. . . we can learn_.,考點3 數(shù)字計算類 【典例】(2015四川高考C片段) Across Britain, burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers. But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.,Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as172, 000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income30, 000 more than the Prime Minister earns.,By analysing the numbers, it found the average mother works 119 hours a week, 40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime. After questioning 1, 000 mothers with children under 18, it found that, on most days, mums started their routine work at 7am and finished at around 11pm. . . .,Q: How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister? A. 30, 000. B. 142, 000. C. 172, 000. D. 202, 000.,【解題思路】 速讀文章, 試找出相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。 _ _ _ 嘗試解答: _,. . . if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as,much as172, 000 a year. . . . This would make their yearly income,30, 000 more than the Prime Minister earns.,B(172, 000-30, 000=142, 000)。,【解題技巧】 1. “列表推算”得數(shù)據(jù) 關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù), 弄清單位換算關(guān)系, 確定計算方法。 先閱讀題干, 然后帶著題干中的關(guān)鍵詞去讀文章, 對于數(shù)字、時間、年代等在讀的同時做好標(biāo)記, 以便讀完文章后進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的計算。 簡單的數(shù)據(jù)可采用“推算法”, 即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ), 進(jìn)行簡單的運(yùn)算。 數(shù)據(jù)較多的文章, 通常采用“列表法”, 即按一定的規(guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出, 化模糊為清晰, 為計算打下基礎(chǔ)。,2. 常見命題方式 特殊疑問句形式表達(dá): 以when, in which year, how many/much. . . 等疑問詞開頭引出的問題。,考點4 正誤判斷類 【典例】(2014福建高考A) It was Mothers Day morning last year and I was doing my shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her husband was with her, but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.,Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple. He said to me, “Mum, its not much fun falling over in front of everyone. ” At the front of the supermarket a charity(慈善)group had set up a stand selling cooked sausages and flowers to raise funds. Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady a flower. “It will make her feel better, ”he said. I was amazed that hed come up with this sweet idea. So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to cheer her up. “Just take it, ”she replied. “I cant take your money for such a wonderful gesture. ”,By now paramedics(救援人員)had arrived, and were attending the injured woman. As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her. Instead I gave the flower to the womans husband and told him, “My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better. ”,At that, the old man started crying and said, “Thank you so much, you have a wonderful son. Happy Mothers Day to you. ” The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.,Q: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The elderly woman was knocked down by Tenyson. B. Tenysons idea of buying a flower gained his mothers support. C. Tenysons care for the elderly woman puzzled the flower seller. D. The elderly woman was moved to tears by Tenysons gesture.,【解題思路】 速讀文章, 試找出與四個選項相關(guān)的信息句: A項: _ _ B項: _ C項: _ _ D項: _ _ 嘗試解答: _,As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly,woman had fallen over at the entrance. . .,So we went over to the flower seller and asked her. . .,“Just take it, ”she replied. “I cant take your money for such a,wonderful gesture. ”,. . . the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and,gave him a little smile.,B,【解題技巧】 1. “去偽存真”辨是非 速覽題目所提供的四個選項。 若各選項針對同一內(nèi)容, 則要注意找出各選項之間的差別, 再帶著問題去原文中核實文章的實際內(nèi)容; 若各個選項陳述的內(nèi)容不一致, 則要根據(jù)題干或選項中提供的線索回讀原文, 逐個找到相關(guān)句, 最后確定答案。 注意表達(dá)“絕對化”的選項一般不是正確答案。 2. 常見命題方式 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? Which of the following is NOT true according to. . . ?,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 1.擴(kuò)縮范圍：通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息中的范圍、程度等加以改變，使該選項看似正確，實際上卻是錯誤的。 2.無中生有：干擾項與所閱讀的文章內(nèi)容沒有任何聯(lián)系。 3.偷梁換柱：干擾項用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的單詞，但句意改變。,考點5 細(xì)節(jié)排序類 【典例】(2014四川高考C) A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(過敏的)reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.,However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按壓)until the ambulance arrived. Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest. ”,“Shes a little star, ”said Debbie. “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert. ” Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.,Q: Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped. A. B. C. D. ,【解題思路】 速讀文章, 試找出四個所給事件發(fā)生的先后順序: 事件1: _ 事件2: _ 事件3: _ 事件4: _ 嘗試解答: _,Izzy learned CPR.,Colms heart stopped.,Debbie called 999.,Izzy kicked Colm.,C,【解題技巧】 1. “首尾定位”排序列 此類題目要求考生根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的時間順序及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序?？刹捎谩笆孜捕ㄎ环ā? 即先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情, 迅速縮小范圍, 快速選出正確答案; 也可使用“代入淘汰法”按順序逐一排除, 從而得出正確答案。 2. 常見命題方式 Whats the right order of the events? In which order. . . ?,【文體鏈接】 一、應(yīng)用文的文體特點 1. 選材特點: 信息量大, 文句精練, 形式靈活, 用最短的篇幅表達(dá)最大量的信息。 2. 內(nèi)容特點: 生活化、實用化、多樣化, 如產(chǎn)品宣傳、服務(wù)介紹、通知、海報、啟示、招生招聘等。 3. 形式特點: 標(biāo)題醒目, 重點突出, 條理清晰, 常用粗體字或各類項目符號使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更鮮明。 4. 語言特點: 人名、地名、專有名詞多; 生詞多; 縮略詞、祈使句、省略句多; 結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。,5. 命題特點: 主要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力, 既注重特定細(xì)節(jié)的篩選、類比、綜合, 又注重推理判斷題的考查, 題目設(shè)置相對較容易。,二、應(yīng)用文的做題技巧 1. 先題后文: 先讀試題, 了解考點; 明確目的, 快速捕捉, 獲取信息。 2. 題干定向: 根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍, 按照題目順序依次而下: 問題與材料相同: 對號入座; 問題與原文相同: 同義替換、歸納事實等。 3. 生詞模糊: 遇到生詞; 如無關(guān)答題, 直接跳過; 涉及答題, 則根據(jù)語境、構(gòu)詞法等猜詞。 4. 信息補(bǔ)全: 對于影響理解的省略句, 可根據(jù)語境, 將其補(bǔ)全。,