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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)第一部分教材課文要點(diǎn)Module1LifeintheFuture夯基提能作業(yè)外研版必修 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 　　閱讀下面短文,從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪惡的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may bee extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制論), put it this way:“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預(yù)), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of puter scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子誘導(dǎo)) nuclear chain reaction. 1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may　　　. A.run out of human control B.satisfy human’s real desires Cmand armies of killer robots D.work faster than a mathematician 2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to　　　. A.prevent themselves from being destroyed B.achieve their original goals independently C.do anything successfully with given orders D.beat humans in international chess matches 3.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to　　　. A.help super intelligent machines work better B.be secure against evil human beings C.keep machines from being harmed D.avoid robots’ affecting the world 4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A.It will disappear with the development of AI. B.It will get worse with human interference. C.It will be solved but with difficulty. D.It will stay for a decade. Ⅱ.七選五 　　根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。 (xx陜西南鄭中學(xué)模擬) Life can be so difficult these days. It is the time that you all should admit needing help in organizing your lives. Here are some tips that will help you. Write everything down and do not rely on your memory. 　1　If you want to remember things,put them in writing, or in a digital notebook.Keeping your to-do lists and other information written somewhere allows you to look back at them anytime, ever when you have hit your head and forgotten your own name. 　2　Try this experiment before buying one thing; throw out something old or something you do not use. Or,if you are a really pack rat, just throw out one old thing a day until you cannot find any more items to throw. Recycle and donate. Is your closet full of unopened bags and clothes that still have their tags on? Is your bookshelf full of unread books? Chances are that if you have not read, worn, or used whatever they are, then you are probably not going to use them at all.　3　 Create daily, weekly and monthly timetables for cleaning. Organize your cleaning timetable. 　4　Distribute tasks evenly, so for example, dish washing could be done daily; vacuuming could be done weekly and cleaning the windows could be done monthly. Whichever of these tasks you decide to do, remember that you cannot pletely organize your life in one go.　5　Just decide to get organized now, and then take baby steps. Soon enough, you will be making a habit out of all. A.Practice putting things away immediately. B.Throw one thing before buying something. C.It is a long and never-ending process, so be patient. D.Give them to a charity or sell on the Internet. E.It is extremely exhausting to clean everything all at once. F.To keep up with tasks, you need to work with your family. G.We all agree most of us have a tough time remembering things. 1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 Ⅲ.完形填空 　　閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。 (xx山東棗莊現(xiàn)代學(xué)校4月質(zhì)檢) 　　When our second child was born, the doctor pointed out that her feet were turned inward(向內(nèi)). “Left uncorrected, it would be a 　1　,” he told us. We 　2　to do anything we could to help our baby. 　3　she was growing, I have to take her back to the doctor every two weeks to have each foot recast(重塑). 　4　the casting was finished and it was time for corrective 　5　. Jim and I watched with hope and concern as she 　6　to walk. Those first, awkward steps made us so 　7　. By the time she entered preschool, her steps appeared quite 　8　. Encouraged by her progress, we looked for something else to help strengthen her 　9　body. As it turned out, she loved the 　10　! When she turned six, we helped her join in skating lessons and soon she was skating 　11　a swan. She kept working hard at every new 　12　, and her efforts 　13　. At fifteen, she peted in both pairs skating and the ladies’ singles at the 1988 World Junior Championships in Australia, winning both 　14　! I thought back to the early years of 　15　for Kristi—the years of fear for us as her parents, and the same years of frustration for her as a child who 　16　wanted to walk. During those years, we didn’t expect gold medals or a good professional career 　17　her. We admired Kristi herself, 　18　her strength and efforts, and how far she had e on two tiny feet that had 　19　been bound (束縛) in heavy casts. In our eyes, Kristi had always walked with the 　20　of a true champion. 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　 1.A.problem B.surprise C.gift D.success 2.A.forgot B.promised C.stopped D.refused 3.A.So B.If C.Because D.But 4.A.Suddenly B.Immediately C.Especially D.Finally 5.A.shoes B.books C.bags D.hats 6.A.failed B.struggled C.pretended D.disliked 7.A.lucky B.upset C.proud D.helpless 8.A.hard B.special C.interested D.normal 9.A.weak B.strong C.new D.big 10.A.water B.ice C.fire D.air 11.A.for B.with C.like D.on 12.A.project B.side C.text D.movement 13.A.got off B.paid off C.put off D.showed off 14.A.events B.accidents C.debts D.stories 15.A.opinions B.rewards C.challenges D.hope 16.A.seldom B.almost C.easily D.merely 17.A.in need of B.in spite of C.ahead of D.instead of 18.A.doubting B.respecting C.limiting D.controlling 19.A.once B.still C.never D.seldom 20.A.interest B.shadow C.task D.beauty 　答案精解精析 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文為議論文。人工智能如果有了某種特定的目標(biāo),它便會(huì)不擇手段地去生存并去實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。如果放任不管,人類也許會(huì)失去對(duì)人工智能的控制。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題雖然是有可能的,但并非易事。 1.A　主旨要義題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句和第二句可知,人工智能有可能會(huì)超出人類的控制,Norbert Wiener創(chuàng)立的控制論也說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。 2.A　推理判斷題。由第二段中的“a wish to preserve its own existence”以及“it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead”可以看出,有特定目標(biāo)的機(jī)器會(huì)保護(hù)自身免受破壞,故選A。 3.D　事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines..., using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.”可以得知,一些研究者認(rèn)為利用防火墻可防止機(jī)器影響到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界。 4.C　觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由最后一段的首句“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.”可知,很好地解決安全問(wèn)題并取得進(jìn)展是有可能的,但是絕非易事,C項(xiàng)符合文章內(nèi)容。 Ⅱ.七選五 [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文是一篇議論文,主要論述了如何有效地組織自己的生活。 1.G　推斷句。根據(jù)上文Write everything down and do not rely on your memory.可知G項(xiàng)正確。 2.B　主旨句。根據(jù)下文Try this experiment before buying one thing; throw out something old or something you do not use.可知在買東西前應(yīng)該扔掉一個(gè)東西。 3.D　推斷句。根據(jù)上文Chances are that if you have not read, worn, or used whatever they are,then you are probably not going to use them at all.可知由于你很可能不用它們,因此應(yīng)該捐給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)或在網(wǎng)上賣出去。 4.E　主旨句。根據(jù)下文Distribute tasks evenly, so for example,dish washing could be done daily可知要平均分配任務(wù),因此可推斷一次清洗所有的東西令人極其疲憊。 5.C　推斷句。根據(jù)上文Whichever of these tasks you decide to do, remember that you cannot pletely organize your life in one go.可知組織你的生活是個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的過(guò)程,因此需要有耐心。 Ⅲ.完形填空 [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　作者的第二個(gè)孩子天生有問(wèn)題,小時(shí)候經(jīng)過(guò)多次的矯正手術(shù)終于恢復(fù)了正常走路,更出乎作者意料的是她竟然獲得了輪滑的冠軍。 1.A　結(jié)合句意,孩子的腳有問(wèn)題,如果不矯正的話,這將會(huì)成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題(problem)。 2.B　我們?cè)S諾(promise)會(huì)竭盡所能去幫助我們的孩子。promise to do sth. 為固定搭配,意為“承諾做某事”。 3.C　因?yàn)?because)她在成長(zhǎng),所以“我”不得不每?jī)芍軒タ瘁t(yī)生,重塑一下腳。前半句為后半句“我”每?jī)芍軒タ匆淮吾t(yī)生的原因,故 because 符合文意。 4.D　終于(finally)腳部重塑完成了。suddenly 意為“突然”,immediately 意為“立刻”,especially 意為“特別”,均不符合文意。finally終于,故正確答案為D。 5.A　腳部重塑完成后,是穿矯正鞋子(shoe)的時(shí)候了。上文提到孩子的腳有問(wèn)題,與腳有關(guān)的是鞋子,故A項(xiàng)符合文意。 6.B　當(dāng)她開(kāi)始努力(struggle)走路的時(shí)候,“我”和Jim看著她,充滿了期待和擔(dān)憂。struggle to do sth. 為固定搭配,意為“努力做某事”,嬰兒剛開(kāi)始走路的時(shí)候,步伐不穩(wěn),故 struggle 符合文意 。 7.C　那些第一次、笨拙的步伐使我們感到驕傲(proud)。父母看到自己的孩子學(xué)會(huì)走路,都會(huì)感到驕傲,故 proud 符合文意。 8.D　等到上幼兒園的時(shí)候,她的步伐已經(jīng)看起來(lái)相當(dāng)正常(normal)了。normal正常的。 9.A　“我們”尋找其他方法幫助她增強(qiáng)虛弱(weak)的身體。由上文孩子的腳有問(wèn)題可推知其身體較弱,故weak 符合文意。 10.B　事實(shí)證明她喜歡冰(ice)。由下文作者幫助孩子加入滑冰課可推知,孩子喜歡滑冰。ice 符合文意。 11.C　很快她就可以像(like)天鵝一樣自由地輪滑。 12.D　她在每一次新的運(yùn)動(dòng)(movement)中保持努力練習(xí)。與輪滑相關(guān)的是移動(dòng)、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),故 movement 符合文意。 13.B　她的努力得到了回報(bào)(pay off)。pay off 為固定搭配,意為“成功;奏效”。get off 意為“下車”,put off 意為“推遲”,show off 意為“炫耀”,均不符合文意。故正確答案為B。 14.A　她贏了兩個(gè)賽事(event)。 15.C　我們回想早些年Kristi 所遇到的挑戰(zhàn)(challenge)。上文提到 Kristi 出生時(shí)左腳便不正常,最后成為輪滑的冠軍,這期間遇到很多挑戰(zhàn),故 challenges 符合文意。 16.D　此處指作為一個(gè)僅僅(merely)想正常走路的孩子。從上文可知 Kristi的腳有問(wèn)題,所以能正常走路就心滿意足了。 17.C　那些年我們沒(méi)有期待過(guò)她面前(ahead of)是金牌和一份好的職業(yè)生涯。ahead of 為固定搭配,意為“在……前”。in need of 意為“需要……”,in spite of 意為“盡管”,instead of 意為“代替”,均不符合文意。故正確答案為C。 18.B　我們佩服(respect)她的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)和努力。 19.A　曾經(jīng)(once)被束縛在沉重的腳部重塑架上的兩只小腳。從上文可知 Kristi 小時(shí)候左腳曾有問(wèn)題,但是后來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練可以正常走路,故 once 符合文意。 20.D　在我們眼中,Kristi 一直是以一個(gè)真正冠軍的風(fēng)采(beauty)走在人生之路上的。