單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,Subjunctive Mood,虛擬語(yǔ)氣,虛擬語(yǔ)氣,(subjunctive mood),表示所說(shuō)的話只是一種主觀的愿望,假想和建議等,.,1.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式,2.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用,3.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其它從句中的應(yīng)用,4.,小練習(xí),if,條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,if,的非真實(shí)條件從句對(duì)現(xiàn)在,過(guò)去,將來(lái)的事實(shí)進(jìn)行虛擬時(shí),主句和,if,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式如下,:,1.,與,現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí),其表現(xiàn)形式為,:,if+,主語(yǔ),+v-ed,主語(yǔ),+would(,或,might,could,should)+v.,Eg:If we,left,now,we,should arrive,on time.,If I,were,you,I,would refuse,the money.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用,2.,與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反時(shí),其表現(xiàn)形式為,:if,主語(yǔ),+should(,或,were to)+v.,主語(yǔ),+Would(,或,might,could,should)+v.,Eg:If you should,drop,the glass,it,would break,.,If you should,leave,there for a while,you,d change,your mind about that place.,與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí),其表現(xiàn)形式為,:if,主語(yǔ),+had v-ed,主語(yǔ),+would(,或,Might,could,should)+have v-ed.,Eg:We,would have visited,you,if we,had had,time.,I,wouldnt have known,that thing if I,hadnt been told,.,錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,當(dāng)條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表示的,時(shí)間不一致,時(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式應(yīng)當(dāng)做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,.,如,:,If I,had spoken,to him yesterday,I,should know,what to do now.,You,would be,much better now if you,had taken,my advice.,If father,hadnt sent,me,I,shouldnt be,here.,含蓄條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)不是用一個(gè)條件句來(lái)表示，而是隱含在上下文中。,表示暗含條件的方式有：,1.介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如：without,but for,but that等。,Eg:,But for,your cooperation,we could not have succeeded in our experiment.,2.連詞，如：but,or,or else 等。,Eg:I would be most glad to help you,but,Im busy now.,3.,副詞,如：,otherwise,等。,Eg:We didnt know his telephone number;,otherwise,we would have telephoned him.,4.,比較等級(jí)。,Eg:(1)A,more,careful person wouldnt have made so many mistakes.,(2)Given,more,time,I would have been able to finish the experiment.,5.,在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說(shuō)法，很難找出其暗含的條件。,Eg:You,wouldnt know,.,I,would like,to come.,I,would not have dreamed,of it.,if,的省略,(1),在正式文體中，當(dāng),if,條件句中含有助動(dòng)詞,had,should,或,were,時(shí)，可以省略,if,而將,had,should,或,were,提到句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝虛擬句。,Eg:,Had,such disaster occurred,the damage would have been incalculable.,Were,he to tell us everything,we would try to solve this problem.,(,2),如果,if,條件句是含,not,的否定句，省略,if,時(shí),not,不能與助動(dòng)詞,had,should,或,were,同時(shí)提前。,Eg:,Had,it not been for their assistance,we couldnt have finished the task ahead of time.,(3)supposing,suppose,even if,也可引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句。,Eg:,Supposing,it were fine tomorrow,would you go swimming with us?,(4),有時(shí),suppose,或,supposing,單獨(dú)引起一個(gè)句子，用于提出建議或假設(shè)。,Eg:,Suppose,we started tomorrow.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示命令，請(qǐng)求，建議等從句中的應(yīng)用,虛擬語(yǔ)氣可用于表示命令，請(qǐng)求，建議，愿望，要求等名詞性從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)形式是“,should+,動(dòng)詞原形”或“動(dòng)詞原形”,（,1,）用于主語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)用,should+,動(dòng)詞原形（或,should+P.P.),或只用動(dòng)詞原形。常用的形容詞和分詞有：,essential,imperative,advisable,necessary,important,desirable,urgent,preferable,natural,suggested,等。,Eg:It is,necessary,that you should be present at the discussion.,It was,suggested,that the electronic device be tested at once.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其它從句中的應(yīng)用,(2),用于賓語(yǔ)從句，一種是用做動(dòng)詞,wish,的賓語(yǔ)的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞,that,。這種從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反；亦可用過(guò)去完成式，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。常用的動(dòng)詞有：,advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge,，,move,（提議）等。,Eg:The lawyer,asked,that the case should be postponed for one month.,The detective,insisted,that he should have a look.,insist,意為“堅(jiān)持某種動(dòng)作”才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；意為“堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)”則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。,eg,：,He insists he is a student.,他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他是個(gè)學(xué)生。,這個(gè)語(yǔ)句表示的是事實(shí)，因此在這個(gè)語(yǔ)句中不能使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。,suggest,意為“建議”才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。,eg,：,His face suggests that he looks worried.,他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。,這個(gè)句子本身是事實(shí)，因此它就沒(méi)有用到虛擬語(yǔ)氣。,(3),表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句,advice,command,demand,desire,idea,motion,order,plan,等名詞作主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用,should be,型或,be,型虛擬式。,Eg:The doctors advice is that the patient,should be kept,quiet.,He rejected my advice that he,should meet,my son.,在,as if,引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用,were,型虛擬式表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，用,had been,型虛擬式表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)。,Eg:You look as if you,had,a toothache.,.,如果說(shuō)話人所表示的不是假設(shè)的情況，而是一種可能的事實(shí)，,as if,引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。,Eg:It looks as if it,is going to rain,.,在主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)的情況下，往往無(wú)法從語(yǔ)法形式上辨別表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是虛擬還是陳述語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)兩者的形式是相同的。,Eg:She looked as if she,had had,some bad news,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在,wish,后從句中的應(yīng)用,動(dòng)詞,wish,后所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句表示實(shí)現(xiàn)可能性極小或與事實(shí)相反的情況,從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,.,(1),表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的愿望時(shí),句式為,:,主語(yǔ),+wish+(that)+,賓語(yǔ)從句,(,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),),Eg:I wish I,were,a bird.,I wish I,could change,my job.,(2),表示與過(guò)去情況相反的愿望時(shí),句式為,:,主語(yǔ),+wish+(that),賓語(yǔ)從句,(,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí),/could+,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),),Eg:I wish that he,had not made,so much fuss about it.,(3),表示對(duì)將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情表示希望,祝愿等時(shí),句式為,:,主語(yǔ),+wish+,賓語(yǔ)從句,(,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用,would/could/might+,動(dòng)詞原形,),Eg:I wish I,could see,you later.,I wish he,might try,again.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在,if only,感嘆句中的應(yīng)用,If only,后面的句子用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示,“,但愿,”,“,要是,就好了,”,其,用法基本與,wish,相同,.,Eg:If only he,had followed,your advice.,If only she,would come,.,If only it didnt rain today,because well,have a sports meeting.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在“,Its+about/high time+,從句”中的應(yīng)用,在,Its about/high time+,從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,.,Eg:“You are very selfish.Its high time that you,realized,that you are not the most important person in the world.”Edger said to his boss angrily.,It is about time that we,went to,school.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在,in case,lest,或,for fear that,等從句中的用法,in case,lest,或,for fear that,引起的從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示,“,以防,以免,”,形式為,should+,動(dòng)詞原形,should,通常不能省略,.,Eg:He took his raincoat with him in case it,should rain,.,The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it,should go,wrong on the way.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣在形容詞短語(yǔ)的,that,賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用,主語(yǔ),+be+adj.+that+,主語(yǔ),+should+,動(dòng)詞原形,主語(yǔ),+be+adj.+that+,主語(yǔ),+sh