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2019-2020年高考英語非謂語動詞的基本形式及基本功能 名稱 形式 特點 功能 不定式 To do 具有名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞的一些特征 在句中可做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語，有形式變化 動名詞 Doing（v+ing） 具有名詞、形容詞、動詞的一些特征 在句中可做主語、賓語、表語、定語，有形式變化 分 詞 Doing（v+ing） Done（v+ed 具有形容詞、副詞的一些特征 在句中可做表語、定語、狀語、補足語，現在分詞有形式變化 It takes sb sometime to do Kind, clever, wise, nice 形容詞既表示人物特征， Foolish, stupid, honest, 又表示說話人對不定式 Right, correct, wrong, +of sb 動作的評價；形容詞與 Rude, cruel, careless, 介詞賓語成主謂關系 Lazy, selfish, horrible 如：It‘s kind of you to help me。=You are kind to help me。 Easy, hard, difficult Possible, necessary, 形容詞說明不定式行為的 Important, essential, +for sb 性質,與介詞賓語不具有 Interesting, unusual,……….. 主謂關系 Interesting, natural 如: It’s easy for me to learn English.=To learn English is easy for me. 2..表語 My job is to attend the children. (不定式作表語時,如在它前出現了do, did, does時,不定式符號to 可省掉,例: what you have to do this afternoon is (to) look after the sick child.) 3.定語 I have a lot of work to do. //She has no place to go. 4.賓語 I hope to go to Dalian again. I find it interesting to play the violin.(不定式作賓語時,如果還帶有賓語補足語,往往用it作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語放到后面) 5.賓補 The teacher told us to clean the windows. I noticed the boy go into the shop. 注: feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, let ,have等使役動詞后賓語補足語時,不定式符號to要省略,但這些句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,就必須帶to 符號. 例: I often hear him sing this song. He is often heard to sing this song. 6.狀語 表示目的: I got up early to(in order to/ so as to) catch the early bus. To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.(so as to不能用于句首) 表示原因: We were excited to hear the news. I am sorry to have hurt you. 表示結果: I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.(不定式作結果狀語時,常表示未預料之中的事,可在不定式前加only) 表示條件: To look at him, you would like him. 修飾全句(獨立成分) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. 不定式做狀語的常用句型 類別 句 型 原因 Be happy/glad/pleased/ delighted/sorry….+to do She seemed surprised to meet us. He looked happy to hear the news. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 目的 In order to do So as to do Go/ e and do sth I’ve written it down in order not to forget. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. If he should return, e and find me 結果 So as to do… Such… as to do… Enough to do Too… to do Would you be so kind as to land me your bike? I’m not such a foolish man/so foolish man as to do that. Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety. The ice is thick enough to walk on. It was too late for there to be any taxis. 注:1) too + pleased/kind/ willing/ glad/eager/anxious… +to do 的結構即不表示結果,也無否定含義. I shall be only too pleased to get home(=I shall be very pleased to get home,) It’s too kind of you to have told me that(=You are very kind to have told me that.) 使用不定式時要注意以下幾點: 1.在作tell, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, discuss等詞的賓語時, 前面常帶疑問詞(how, when ,where,what , who…) 2.不定式在介詞but后面時,如but前有do 的各種形式,那么but 后的to要省略,否則就要帶to.另外在cannot but, can’t choose but, can’t help but后面的to也省略. We could do nothing but wait We had nothing to do but wait. We had no choice but to wait. 3.作定語的不定式是不及物動詞時,不定式后須有相應的介詞,但如果所修飾的名詞是time, place, way時,不定式后的介詞習慣上省略. We have to find a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. He had no money and no place to live. We found a way to solve the problems. 4. something is easy to do 類似句型中不定式不用被動形式. There is something to do/There is something to be done0 5.what, when. Where, how. who…+to do 可在句中做主語\賓語\表語. 動名詞 I.形式:V+ing 一般式 doing being done 與謂語動作同時發(fā)生 完成式 Having done having been done 在謂語動作之前 否定結構 Not doing/ not having done II.動名詞的句法功能 1.主語: (表示一般或抽象的多次性動作) Smoking is a bad habit. It is no use arguing with him. 2.表語(說明主語的具體內容) Her job is building houses. 3.賓語 He is fond of playing football.//Would you mind my closing the door? 4.定語(說明被修飾詞的用途) reading materials, swimming pool, waiting room 5.同位語 His job, building a house, is almost done. 使用動名詞時要注意的幾點 1.下列句型常用動名詞 no use/ good It is/was not any use/good + doing of little/good useless 2.下列動詞或動詞詞組后用動名詞 allow, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay,dislike, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy,, favour, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postphone, practise, risk, suggest, be used to, can’t help ,give up, go on , give one’s life to ,feel like, keep on, insist on, object to, turn to, lead to, look forward to, stick to , devote to, get down to 3.既可后跟不定式,又可跟動名詞做賓語的動詞 do 記住去做 remember doing 記得做過 to do 忘了去做 forget doing 忘了做過 to do 對尚未做的事感到遺憾 regret doing// to have done 對做過的事感到遺憾,后悔 to do 打算去做 mean doing 意味著 to do 努力做 try doing 試著做 to do 學會 learn doing 學做 doing 泛指 love/like/hate/prefer to do 特指具體的動作 to do 停下來開始去做某事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 (to) do 不能幫助做 can’t help doing 情不自禁的做 to do 接著做 go on doing 繼續(xù)不斷地做,繼續(xù)做同一件事 to be done need/require/ want/ deserve 結構不同,意思一樣 doing sth 4.start/begin doing/to do 基本可互換 但下列情況用不定式 1) 主語指物時 2) 后面跟表示感情\思想\和意念的動詞時 3) begin/start本身是進行時態(tài)時 It started to rain. She is beginning to cook dinner. She began to realize his mistakes. 5.動名詞的復合結構 my, your, our… me, you, us….. +doing my father, tom…. My father’s, Tom’s 動名詞的復合結構作主語時,動名詞的復合結構只能用 one’s +doing Would you mind me/ my/ LI Ming/ Li Ming’s opening the window? Mary’s crying made her mother angry. His losing the game made us very disappointed. 分 詞 分詞分現在分詞和過去分詞其否定結構為not+ 分詞,分詞在句中意義同形容詞和副詞,可以承擔形容詞和副詞在句中所承擔的句子成分. I.分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 一般式 doing being done 現在分詞 分詞 完成式 having done having been done 過去分詞 done 2.分詞的句法功能 1)定語(單個分詞作定語時放在所修飾詞的前面,分詞短語作定語時放在所修飾詞的后面) This is an amusing story. The excited people rushed into the building. The boy standing at the door is my cousin. The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. 2)表語 The news was inspiring. The glass is broken. We were excited at the news. 3)賓補 I heard a girl crying next door. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I found my key lost. 4)狀語 Being a student, I must study hard. 原因 While crossing the street, be careful. 時間 Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(條件) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.讓步 The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. 伴隨狀語 His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 時間(分詞作狀語表示結果時常表示意料中的事) 注:分詞作狀語可表示時間,原因,結果,行為方式\伴隨狀語等,分詞作狀語時前后主語必須一致,如以上各句.如前后主語不一致必須用獨立主格結構即: 名詞或代詞+分詞(doing/done)/不定式/介詞/短語/形容詞/副詞 Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing.條件 It being Sunday, we went climbing.原因 Work finished, the boy went out to play.時間 He lay on his back, his eyes looking up at he sky.伴隨 The exam to be held tomorrow, I can’t go to the cinema tonight.原因 School over, We went home.時間 He came, his hands red with cold.伴隨 另外with 的復合結構也是一種獨立主格結構. 非謂語動詞間的比較 1.非謂語動詞在句子中的作用 作用 類別 主語 賓語 表語 定語 補語 狀 語 相當詞 性 Vt. prep 時間 原因 條件 伴隨 目的 結果 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ n./a./ adv. 動名詞 √ √ √ √ √ N 分 詞 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ A/adv 2.不定式、動名詞作主語的區(qū)別 動作特點 時間概念 不定式 具體的，特定的行為，強調動作 多表示將來或已完成 動名詞 抽象的，一般性的行為，強調事情本身 多無時間性 3.非謂語動詞做主語\表語的區(qū)別 一般可以互換,但如詳細地加以區(qū)分的話,動名詞表示普遍的習慣性的或抽象的動作,不定式則表示某一次具體的動作. I like swimming, but I don’t like too swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. 注:現在分詞表示”令人…”多修飾物,過去分詞表示”感到…”,多修飾人. We were interested in an interesting story. 4.非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別 和中心詞的位置關系 與中心詞的邏輯關系 時間概念 不定式 總是位于其后 多動賓關系 多表示將來 動名詞 多位于其前 表示其性能,作用 無時間(常發(fā)生) 現在分詞 單個分詞在前 分詞短語在后 多主謂關系(主動) 表示正在進行 過去分詞 有動賓關系(被動) 表已完成 只表示完成(主動) 注:現在分詞的被動式(being done) 做定語時 現在 不定式的被動式(to be done) 表示的被動 將來 及物動詞的過去分詞(done 動作發(fā)生在 過去 being used in our school now. This is the book to be used in our school next year. used in our school last year 5.不定式,分詞做賓語補語時的區(qū)別 現在分詞表示動作正在進行,不定式表示動作的整個過程或動作的反復多次.注:感官動詞feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, notice, look at和使動詞make, let have 后跟不帶to 的不定式作賓語,get例外. I heard him singing in the next room just now. I saw him enter the door.(He was seen to enter the door) 另外.have/ get sth done 可表示有意或意外.＄ When did you have /get your leg broken? When did you have/get your hair cut? 6. 分詞和不定式做結果狀語的區(qū)別 doing sth (表示邏輯上的結果) (only)+ to do sth(表示非邏輯上的結果) It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. He raised himself pletely, obliging me to rise too. He smokes a great deal, only making his health worse. I was late for class again, making him more angry. He woke up, only to find his wallet gone. He came here, only to know that she had been tired. He finally arrived, only to get the news that his old friend had already passed away. He was late again, only to find another fellow had taken his place. 7.非謂語動詞的復合結構 1)不定式: for sb to do 2)動名詞:形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+ doing sth 3)分詞:分詞做狀語, 它的邏輯主語往往是句子的主語,如果不是,就的帶上自己的邏輯主語,構成獨立主格結構,此結構有時也可有with引導. Night falling, we hurried home. The question having been settled, they went home. It being very cold, he made a fire. With winter ing, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 8.不定式與疑問代詞或疑問副詞連用,作主語,賓語,表語 When to start the work hasn’t been decided yet. Please tell me what to do next. The problem is where to find a doctor at once. 分詞作狀語可直接與連詞if,though, even though, unless, until, when, while, as, as if, once, that 等連用. He will not e unless invited. While studying, try not to stop at the surface of facts.