單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,*,*,單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,土木工程專業(yè)英語,http:/,Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑學,New words and phrases:,shelter,encompass identical illumination,parlance edifice,dominant,repetition nave,aisle transept apse balustrade,intermediate clue colonnade,aspiration,incarnation blank wall,無窗墻，擋墻,cave dweller,（史前的）穴居人,Gothic cathedral,哥特式大教堂,1.shelter,n.隱蔽處，躲避處 from,The umbrella is a shelter from rain.,v.躲避+from,The wall sheltered us from the wind.,7.dominant a.占優(yōu)勢的，有統(tǒng)治權的,The dominant influence in her life was her father.,在她一生中對她影響最大的是她的父親。,v.dominate 支配，占優(yōu)勢,17.aspiration n.志氣，抱負,He has no aspiration for fame or gain.他不圖名利。,She has aspirations to become a great writer.,她有作名作家的抱負。,Words,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities,一座建筑物的作用是為人類活動的進行提供一個躲避處。,From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements,從穴居時代到現(xiàn)在，人類最重要的需求之一就是有一個躲避風雨的地方。,In a more general sense,the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs,從更一般的意義上說，建筑的藝術包含了人類為了他自己的需要而控制環(huán)境和引導自然力的所有努力。,insense 在意義上說,in all senses 在任何意義上說,in the proper(strict,literal)sense 在本來（嚴格、字面）的意義上說,Building,This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges,除了建筑物，這藝術還包括所有的土木工程結構物，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。,The scientific basis,for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes,is identical,對于作為躲避處的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程結構物，它們的設計科學依據(jù)是相同的。,It is,only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society,that,these two fields have developed along separate paths,只是出于現(xiàn)代社會的特定需要，這兩個領域才沿著不同的路徑發(fā)展。,Building,In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder,同樣地，關注作為遮風避雨的建筑物的主要營造商也不再是一個單獨的個體；相反，他的工作是由幾個專家（規(guī)劃者、建筑師、工程師和建筑工人）組成的一個小組來完成的。,The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team,一座現(xiàn)代化建筑的實現(xiàn)依賴這個小組集體的智慧。,The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors,建筑物的結構形式是它的功能、環(huán)境和各種社會經(jīng)濟因素共同作用的產(chǎn)物。,Building,An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill,一幢公寓，一座辦公樓和一所學校在結構形式上各有不同，因為它們要實現(xiàn)的功能是不一樣的。,In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building,在公寓里面，每一處居住的空間，比如起居室和臥室必須有從窗戶進來的自然光，而浴室和廚房則可以用人工光線，因此可以布置在建筑的內(nèi)部。,This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building,這些要求就使得公寓樓的進深受到了正常的限制。,Building,Building,In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light,另一方面，在辦公樓里，采用人工光源能夠獲得更加均勻的照明，因此這類建筑的進深就不會受到自然光要求的約束。,Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building,環(huán)境可能影響到建筑物的形狀和外觀。,An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function,一所城里的學校可以用圍墻把它跟城市完全隔開以創(chuàng)造一個自己的環(huán)境，一所鄉(xiāng)村學校則可以作為景觀的主要部分來加以發(fā)展，即使兩所學校要履行相同的功能。,Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions,最后，建筑物的形式還要受到各種社會經(jīng)濟因素包括土地費用、租賃、工程預算和分區(qū)限制的影響。,High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings,城市的高地價導致建筑昂貴（或高層建筑），而鄉(xiāng)村的低地價使得建筑相對便宜（或多層建筑）。,A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a lowcost housing project,富人的住房建筑計劃不同于廉住房的建筑計劃。,Building,A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings,一幢顯赫的辦公大樓所花的預算將比其他辦公樓多得多。,The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.,建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分區(qū)的限制。,In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms,在所有的這些例子中，有著相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的結構形式。,Building,Architecture is the art of building,建筑學是建筑的藝術。,Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.,實質(zhì)上整個建筑學都與供人使用的圍合空間有關。,The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within,建筑物內(nèi)部一些空間的大小和形狀是由那些將要容納在該建筑物（如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室）里的確切活動所規(guī)定。,These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other,這些空間的排列還應有合理的關系。,Architecture,Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation”in architectural