2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專題二 代詞 新人教版一、人稱代詞的用法人稱代詞在運(yùn)用中應(yīng)注意下面幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：1在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中人稱代詞的使用應(yīng)該根據(jù)人稱代詞具體作什么成分而定。It was I that first arrived at the airport.2句子中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，也就是說(shuō)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被省略時(shí)，人稱代詞要用賓格。Id like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.Me，too.3當(dāng)說(shuō)話者不清楚或沒(méi)必要知道說(shuō)話對(duì)象的性別時(shí)，可以用it來(lái)表示。Its a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?二、物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞不與a，those，some，another，which等詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞，但在雙重所有格中可同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞，如：each sister of his。三、反身代詞的用法含有反身代詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：devote oneself to致力于dress oneself自己穿衣enjoy oneself過(guò)得快活feel oneself覺(jué)得正常四、指示代詞的用法1this，that的用法(1)在打電話時(shí)，this指自己，that指別人。(2)習(xí)慣用法：that is to say也就是說(shuō)。2such，so，same的用法(1)such指如前所述的這樣的人或事物。此時(shí)，如果遇到a/an，such必須放在其前；如果遇到no，two，several等詞時(shí)，such必須置于其后。Tom is such a nice person.(2)so作指示代詞時(shí)，代替一個(gè)句子或短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的事情。Have you phoned your parents?No，but Ill do so soon.(3)samesame必須與定冠詞the連用，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。The same happened once.the same后跟as用以引出所談及的范圍，as后可以是名詞、代詞，也可以是句子。He is of the same age as you.五、不定代詞的用法1none，nobody/no one，nothing的用法區(qū)別(1)none既可指人，也可指物，且表數(shù)量概念，?；卮餳ow many，how much引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；nobody/no one只能指人，且表泛指概念，?；卮饂ho引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；nothing只能指物，且表泛指概念，?；卮饂hat引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。How much money do you have?None.(2)none后面可跟of短語(yǔ)，而nothing和nobody/no one卻不能。None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.2one與it用于替代時(shí)的區(qū)別one用于指代與前面提到的相似的人或物；it用于指代前面所提到的同一件事或物。Your hat is really pretty.Id like to buy one.Your skirt is beautiful.Where did you buy it?六、幾個(gè)特殊的短語(yǔ)1What for？為何目的？為何理由？(Why？)2What if.？要是會(huì)怎樣呢？3What about/How about.？做好嗎？(用于征求意見，后面常接動(dòng)名詞)。主謂一致一、就近一致原則1由or，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.2here/there引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，通常根據(jù)就近原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.二、意義一致原則1謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)的情況(1)表示學(xué)科的名詞以及works(工廠)，news(消息)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，雖然本身為復(fù)數(shù)形式，但表示單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。Politics is his favorite subject.(2)表示某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞、書/報(bào)名、國(guó)名、地名等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，雖然形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但所表示的意義是單數(shù)，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Do you know when the United Nations was set up?2謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)的情況表示總稱意義的名詞，如people，police，public，cattle等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are searching for the murderer.3謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式依據(jù)主語(yǔ)表示的意義而定(1)集體名詞，如family，class，group，team，club，pany，government，population等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)其在語(yǔ)境中表示的意義而定。當(dāng)其表示集體意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)其表示集體中各個(gè)組成部分，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.(2)“the形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The poor were looked down upon in the old days.三、語(yǔ)法一致原則1由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)(1)“a/the名詞單數(shù)and名詞單數(shù)”表示一個(gè)人(雙重身份)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.(2)“a/the名詞單數(shù)anda/the名詞單數(shù)”表示兩個(gè)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The teacher and the poet have just arrived.(3)“every名詞單數(shù)andevery名詞單數(shù)”表示每一個(gè)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.(4)通常由兩個(gè)部件組成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Bread and butter is not to his taste.2表示時(shí)間、數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度及價(jià)格的名詞，盡管有時(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)形式但常被看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Is fifty pounds enough?3“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)of后的名詞的形式來(lái)定，如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Twothirds of the books are about science.Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.代詞答題技巧1整體把握代詞知識(shí)，重視不定代詞用法首先要從整體上把握代詞的知識(shí)，如代詞種類的劃分：人稱代詞；物主代詞：形容詞性物主代詞，如your；名詞性物主代詞，如yours；反身代詞；相互代詞；指示代詞；不定代詞；疑問(wèn)代詞；連接代詞(名詞性從句)；關(guān)系代詞(定語(yǔ)從句)。了解各類代詞的一般用法，重點(diǎn)掌握幾組易混詞，尤其是不定代詞的用法區(qū)別。不定代詞在具體語(yǔ)境中的區(qū)別：部分否定與完全否定的區(qū)別；特指與泛指；兩者與三者或以上；人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別。做題的關(guān)鍵在于分析透句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，理解語(yǔ)境的要求，達(dá)到正確交際的目的?？碱}印證When you introduce me to Mr.Johnson，could you please say_for me？(xx福建，22)Aeverything BanythingCsomething Dnothing答案C解析句意為：當(dāng)你把我介紹給約翰遜先生的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)為我說(shuō)些好話好嗎？something用于疑問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、建議等。此處表示請(qǐng)求，故選C。A表示“一切事情”；B表示“任何事情”；D表示“沒(méi)有事情”。代詞答題技巧2充分利用上下文語(yǔ)境，理清上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系有些對(duì)代詞考查的題目，要借助于上下文語(yǔ)境才能確定正確選項(xiàng)。在解答代詞題目時(shí)，我們應(yīng)分析前后文，明確代詞所指代的對(duì)象和范圍，確定代詞指代的是特指還是泛指，指代的是可數(shù)概念還是不可數(shù)概念，是肯定還是否定?？碱}印證You are a team star！Working with_is really your cup of tea. (xx安徽，21)A.both B.eitherC.others D.the other答案C解析句意為：你是一個(gè)有團(tuán)隊(duì)精神的人，與別人合作對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)太容易了。others其他人；the other兩個(gè)中的另外一個(gè)；both兩個(gè)都；either(兩者之中)任一的。A、B、D三項(xiàng)均不符合句意。主謂一致答題技巧找準(zhǔn)主語(yǔ)核心詞，確定動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)在某些句子中，主語(yǔ)往往受到其他詞的影響，學(xué)生找不準(zhǔn)中心詞導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)率較高，如主語(yǔ)后面接with，together with，along with，but，as well as，rather than，including，except等詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致，記?。褐^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要和主語(yǔ)中的中心詞保持一致。熟記一些常見的表達(dá)如“many a 單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；“more than one單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；“one or two 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)等等?？碱}印證Listening to loud music at rock concerts_caused hearing loss in some teenagers.(xx湖南，33)Ais BareChas Dhave答案C解析句意為：聽搖滾音樂(lè)會(huì)中的大聲的音樂(lè)已導(dǎo)致一些青少年失聰了。本題主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系可知，此處應(yīng)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故C項(xiàng)正確。1Our pany is seeking for a manager，especially_with creativity and imagination.Athe one BeachCone Dthat答案C解析考查代詞的用法。此處one代替a manager。句意為：我們公司正在尋找一位經(jīng)理，尤其是一位具有創(chuàng)造力和想象力的經(jīng)理。2The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase_.Athem BthoseCit Dthat答案C解析考查代詞的用法。此處it表同一指代，指代the employment rate。句意為：就業(yè)率在大城市繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，這多虧了當(dāng)?shù)卣黾泳蜆I(yè)率的努力。3Excuse me，do you want David or Brown to do it?_is up to the job，Im afraid.AEither BBoth CNone DNeither答案D解析考查代詞的用法。句意為：打擾一下，你想讓David還是Brown做這項(xiàng)工作呢？恐怕兩者都不能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。neither表示“兩者都不”，符合句意。4Some experts are warning that the step the US government has taken to deal with the current crisis is _ of much risk.Aones Bthose Cthat Done答案D解析考查代詞的用法。此處one代替step。句意為：一些專家警告美國(guó)政府對(duì)待目前經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)所采取的步驟是很危險(xiǎn)的一步。5The old lady is said to have three children，two of _ studying abroad.Awhom Bthem Call Dwho答案B解析“two of _ studying abroad”不是句子而是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，故選B。6I tried two different methods，yet _ of them seemed to work very well.Aneither BnoneCeach Dboth答案A解析考查代詞的用法。句意為：我試了兩種不同的方法，但似乎沒(méi)有一種起作用。根據(jù)two different ways可知選neither，表示“兩者都不”。7If I can help _，I prefer living in Hangzhou because the weather here is better than _ of Zhengzhou.Athat；that Bit；thatCthat；one Dit；it答案B解析it指代下文的內(nèi)容；that指代上文中的不可數(shù)名詞weather。8It is not JK.Rowling but her works that _ us excited.Amakes Bis madeCmake Dare made答案C解析本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語(yǔ)，由not.but.連接名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和but后的內(nèi)容取得一致，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故答案為C。9_ likes money，but money is not _.AEveryone；everything BAnyone；anythingCSomeone；nothing DNobody；everything答案A解析not與everything構(gòu)成部分否定。句意為：人人愛(ài)金錢，但金錢不是萬(wàn)能的。10Butter and bread _ their daily food，but the bread and the butter _ up now.Ais；is eaten Bare；have been eatenCare；are eaten Dis；have been eaten答案D解析butter and bread抹上黃油的面包，已經(jīng)是一種約定俗成的食物了，所以用單數(shù)形式；the bread and the butter意為“面包和黃油”，是兩種食物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。11An average of 200 letters a week _ received by the newspapers offer.Such _ the case with us at present.Aare；is Bhas been；has beenChave been；is Dis；are答案A解析an average of名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；the average of名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；第二個(gè)句子是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)是the case，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。12At the bus stop _ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village.Awere Bwas Cis Dsits答案A解析表處所的介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)句子要用倒裝，該句的主語(yǔ)是a soldier and two young people，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。13The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America.Aare；were Bis；wereCare；was Dis；was答案D解析“主語(yǔ)together with名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)前面的主語(yǔ)定；先行詞Reading Skills應(yīng)是一本書的名字，其定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。14Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Aare Bis Chave Dbe答案B解析句意為：你或者你的一位學(xué)生要參加定于明天的會(huì)議。本題主語(yǔ)由either.or.連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)or之后的部分來(lái)確定單復(fù)數(shù)形式，該句中or后是one of your students，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。15.Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters，_ visit Beijing this summer.A.is going to B.are going toC.was going to D.were going to答案A解析當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后出現(xiàn)together with/as well as等介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與介詞短語(yǔ)前的主語(yǔ)保持一致，故可排除B、D兩項(xiàng)；根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this summer可知應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。