2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識 專題六 情態(tài)動詞 新人教版一、can和could的用法1表示能力Her mother can speak French.2表示客觀可能性Anybody can make mistakes.3表示許可(多用于口語)Can I go now?4表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度(主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中)How can you be so careless!5can的特殊用法can but只有；cant but不得不；cant.too再怎樣也不為過，越越好。I can but wait.I cant but wait.You cant be too patient to the customers.二、may和might的用法1表示允許、請求May I watch TV now?Yes，you may.(Yes，please.)No，you mustnt.(No，youd better not.)2表示可能性(主要用于陳述句、肯定或否定句，疑問句用can代替)The story may not be true.3表示祝愿(不用might)May you succeed!4may/might as well最好還是You might as well do it now.5may/might well很可能He may well be late for class.三、must，have to和ought to的用法1must(1)must表示“必須，應(yīng)該，一定要”。強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，只有現(xiàn)在時形式，否定式是must not(mustnt)。must開頭的問句，其否定回答要用neednt或dont have to代替。(2)must表示必然的結(jié)果。All men must die.(3)must還可表示主語固執(zhí)、偏要做他人不希望做的事。It cant help；he must do that.2have to著重客觀需要，能用于更多時態(tài)(過去時或?qū)頃r)。He will have to be there before ten.3ought to表示義務(wù)和責(zé)任，“應(yīng)該”，比should語氣要強(qiáng)。You ought to take care of yourself.四、need和dare的用法1need表示“需要，必要”，只能用于否定句和疑問句。在肯定句中，常用must和have to代替。2dare表示“敢”，通常用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening?3need和dare的特殊用法(1)need表“需要”時，可用want，require代替。The desk needs to be repaired./The desk needs repairing.(2)dare作實(shí)義動詞時，在肯定句中要接to，在疑問句和否定句中to可省去。He dares to catch a snake.五、will和would的用法1will(1)表示請求、建議，常用于第二人稱。Will you please go with me?(2)表示意愿、決定、允許。I will never do that again.(3)表示習(xí)慣性動作或某種傾向，“總是，慣于”，通常用于第三人稱。Fish will die out of water.2would(1)表示請求、建議，比will委婉，指現(xiàn)在時間，多用于第二人稱。Would you like a cup of tea?(2)表示過去習(xí)慣性動作或某種傾向。We would play badminton on Sundays.六、shall和should的用法1shall(1)用于第一、三人稱，在問句中表示征求對方意見或請求。(2)用于第二、三人稱表示命令或威脅。You shall do as your father says.2should(1)表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”。(2)表示驚訝語氣，意為“竟然”。You should wear slippers in class.(3)用于條件句，表示“假如，萬一”，省去if，should可提至句首。Should you be late，apologize to the teacher.七、“情態(tài)動詞have done”的用法1must have done sth.；can(could) have done sth.(1)must have done sth.表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的有把握的推測，意思是“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定做了某事”，只用在肯定句中。It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet.(2)can(could) have done sth.表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的懷疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑問句中。He cant have forgotten it.2neednt have done sth.；didnt need to do sth.(1)neednt have done sth.表示已完成不需要完成的動作。You neednt have waken me up.I dont have to go to work today.(2)didnt need to do sth.表示沒有必要做而實(shí)際上也沒有做某事。I didnt need to clean the windows.My brother did it.3may/might have done sth.may/might have done sth.表示對過去已發(fā)生的動作的推測，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)”。Im not sure.He might have said so at the conference.4should have done sth.should have done sth.表示本來應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上未做。You should have told him about it.5had better have done sth.；would rather have done sth.；would like/love to have done sth.(1)had better have done sth.表示事后的建議，含輕微責(zé)備的口吻，意為“當(dāng)時做了某事就好了”，其否定形式had better not have done sth.表達(dá)相反的含義。(2)would rather have done sth.表示“寧愿當(dāng)時做某事”，其否定形式would rather not have done sth.表達(dá)相反的含義，兩者都含有“后悔”之意。I would rather have taken his advice.(3)would like/love to have done sth.表示過去愿意做某事，但未做成。I would love to have gone to the party last night，but I had to work extra hours to finish my report.虛擬語氣一、以if條件從句為虛擬語氣標(biāo)志時態(tài)從句動詞形式主句動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反didwould/could/should/mightdo與將來事實(shí)相反(1)did(2)were to do(3)should dowould/could/should/mightdo與過去事實(shí)相反had donewould/could/should/mighthave done注意以下兩個方面：1含蓄條件句有時虛擬語氣并不總是用if引導(dǎo)的條件句來表示，而是通過一些詞或短語表示出來。這些詞或短語引出的條件與if引導(dǎo)的條件句意義相似，如but for，with，without，otherwise，or，but等。其中but for相當(dāng)于if it were not for/if it had not been for，表示“要不是”。He wouldnt have survived but for the neighbours timely help.2在虛擬條件句中有時if是可以省略的，當(dāng)if被省略后，要將從句中的were，had，should置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Were he here，he could settle the issue.二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法1賓語從句(1)suggest等表示建議、愿望、命令等的動詞后跟的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣，從句謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)為“should動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。類似用法的動詞還有order，request，advise，require，insist，demand，mand等。The doctor suggested that he (should) take more rest.(2)would rather后的賓語從句would rather后的從句常用一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硐喾吹那闆r；用過去完成時表示與過去相反的情況。Id rather you left tomorrow.2主語從句在“It is/was/has/had been suggestedthat引導(dǎo)的主語從句”中，主語從句要用虛擬語氣， 即“should動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中should可以省略。和suggest用法一樣的動詞還有demand，order，advise，require，propose等。另外，在“It is/was important(necessary，desirable，advisable等)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”中，從句也常用虛擬語氣，謂語用“should動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中should可以省略。It is suggested that the building (should) be pulled down.It is necessary that a doctor (should) be sent for at once.3表語從句當(dāng)suggestion，order，proposal，demand等名詞作主語時，其后的表語從句中要用虛擬語氣“should動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中should可以省略。My advice is that you (should) give up smoking.4同位語從句在suggestion，advice，order，proposal，demand等名詞后跟的同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，謂語用“should動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中should可以省略。His suggestion that we (should) set off at 500 am.is not good enough.三、虛擬語氣的特殊句型It is (high/about) time (that) sb. did sth.(that可以省略)表示“是某人做某事的時候了”，此句型應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，從句用一般過去時。另外，也可使用It is (high/about) time (that) sb.should do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，其中should不能省略。It is 1100 now.It is high time (that) you went/should go to bed.情態(tài)動詞答題技巧技巧1意義判斷法所謂意義判斷法就是分析語境并確定應(yīng)填情態(tài)動詞的含義。因此熟練掌握每個情態(tài)動詞的意義和用法是做題的前提?？碱}印證You_park here！Its an emergency exit.(xx重慶，21)Awouldnt BneedntCcouldnt Dmustnt答案D解析句意為：你不能把車停在這里！這是一個緊急出口。wouldnt不會；neednt沒有必要；couldnt不能夠；mustnt不準(zhǔn)，禁止。故選D項(xiàng)。技巧2句型判斷法有些情態(tài)動詞需要用在特定的句型中，如may表示推測時，往往用在肯定或否定句中；must表示推測只能用于肯定句中。運(yùn)用此法就是通過分析所給句子的句型特點(diǎn)，選用具有特定句型特點(diǎn)的情態(tài)動詞。考題印證 May I take this book out of the reading room?No，you_.You read it here.(xx陜西，23)Amightnt BwontCneednt Dmustnt答案D解析句意為：我可以把這本書帶出閱覽室嗎？不可以，你一定不能帶出去。你就在這里讀。mustnt表示強(qiáng)烈的禁止。技巧3語氣判斷法情態(tài)動詞主要表示說話人的語氣、情感或態(tài)度，所以在解答此類試題時，一定要注意說話者的語氣(這也是解題的難點(diǎn))，這就要求正確理解句子，從說話者的角度去考慮問題，結(jié)合具體的語境來分析和判斷，最后確定所需情態(tài)動詞是否符合特定的情感需要。考題印證Just as we were sitting down to have dinner，the telephone_ring.A.must B.couldC.might D.need答案A解析考查情態(tài)動詞。must在此表示說話人的愿望或感到不耐煩，意為“偏要”。句意為：正當(dāng)我們要坐下來吃飯時，偏偏電話鈴響了。技巧4人稱判斷法有些情態(tài)動詞在表達(dá)某個意義時，要與特定的人稱連用，這為我們選擇正確答案提供了方向?？碱}印證I havent got the reference book yet，but Ill have a test on the subject next month.Dont worry.You_have it by Friday.(xx江蘇，25)Acould BshallCmust Dmay答案B解析句意為：我還沒有弄到參考書，但是下個月我將參加這門學(xué)科的測試。不要擔(dān)心，到星期五時你就有了。could能夠；shall在句中表示“允諾”；must必須；may也許，可以。虛擬語氣答題技巧技巧1句型提示法虛擬語氣可以用在狀語從句、名詞性從句、定語從句中，在不同的從句中，虛擬語氣用不同的動詞形式來體現(xiàn)，如if非真實(shí)條件句(分三種情形)，wish后的賓語從句，It is time that.的定語從句等。所以，掌握了各類從句中虛擬語氣的動詞形式，就基本上掌握了虛擬語氣的用法?？碱}印證If we_the other road，we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.(xx陜西，15)A.take B.had takenC.took D.have taken答案B解析句意為：如果我們走另一條路的話，我們或許能夠及時到達(dá)這里參加這次會議了。根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞might have arrived可以推出，本句是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，所以if條件句中應(yīng)該用過去完成時。技巧2特定詞匯暗示法英語中某些短語如If it were not for/had not been for, but for., if only., without等，往往要采用虛擬語氣，它們對于解答試題有很大的幫助，掌握了這些要點(diǎn)知識，做起題來也就很容易了?？碱}印證Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we_it without you.Acan manage Bcould have managedCcould manage Dcan have managed答案B解析could have done表示本能夠做某事(但沒做)。1Churchill warned Hitler，“If you dare to invade Britain，you _pay for it with great cost.”Awill BshallCmay Dshould答案B解析考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。句意為：丘吉爾警告希特勒，“如果你膽敢侵略英國，你要為此付出巨大的代價?！眘hall用于第二、第三人稱，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。故選B項(xiàng)。2Whats your feeling now?I am terribly sorry.If only I _here yesterday!Acame Bwould have eChave e Dhad e答案D解析考查if only的用法。if only要是就好了，從時間狀語yesterday來看，這是對過去所發(fā)生事情的虛擬，所以用過去完成時。3If you_smoke，you could at least go to the smoking area.Acan Bmust Cwill Dshall答案B解析考查情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法。must在這里表示“偏偏，非要”。句意為：要是你非吸不可的話，至少得到吸煙區(qū)里吸。4At a construction site in our city the workers have uncovered an ancient wall that _ to keep the enemy out of the city，but it requires further evidence.Amight have functioned Bwould have functionedCmust have functioned Dshould have functioned答案A解析might have done是對過去不太肯定的猜測。句意為：在市里的一處工地上，工人們挖出了一道可能是以前用來御敵的城墻，但這還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。根據(jù)句意選A。5.Johnson，e and look at the sea！It is beautiful，isnt it?Absolutely！If only I _here by the sea.A.lived B.liveC.had lived D.will live答案A解析由語境可知，if only后的情形是與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，此時的謂語動詞用過去時。6Im surprised that your story _ the first prize.Ashould win Bcan winCshould have won Dcan have won答案C解析句意為：你的小說竟然獲得了一等獎太讓我吃驚了。should在此處意為“竟然”；由語境知win這一動作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動詞前，故should后接動詞的完成時。7What is a leftluggage office?It is a place where luggage_be left for a certain period of time，especially at a bus or a train station.Acan BshouldCmust Dwill答案A解析考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。句意為：什么是行李寄存室？它是行李在某一段時間被存放的地方，尤其是在公共汽車站或火車站。由句意知選A。8Can I pay the bill by check?Sorry，sir.But it is the management rules of our hotel that payment _be made in cash.Ashall BneedCwill Dcan答案A解析考查情態(tài)動詞。shall用在條約、規(guī)章、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定，一般用于第三人稱，意為“應(yīng)該，必須”。句意為：我可以用支票付賬嗎？對不起，先生。只是這是我們旅館的管理規(guī)定：付賬必須使用現(xiàn)金。9If passersby _ a blind eye to the injured little Yueyue in Foshan，Guangdong，she _ alive now.Adidnt turn；would beBhadnt turned；would beCdidnt turn；would have beenDhadnt turned；would have been答案D解析考查虛擬語氣。由常識可知，小悅悅事件已是過去的事情，所以這是對過去發(fā)生的事情的虛擬，所以從句用過去完成時，即had done，主句用would have done。10It _have been her to leave her child alone.She isnt such a person.Acouldnt BmustntCmightnt Dwouldnt答案A解析考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。由語境可知，leave應(yīng)該是過去的一個動作，很顯然這是對過去發(fā)生事情的否定猜測，所以應(yīng)該用couldnt have done。句意為：她不可能把孩子單獨(dú)留在家里。她不是那種人。11The government urged that every effort _ to bring down house prices.Ashould make Bwould be madeCbe made Dmust be made答案C解析考查虛擬語氣。此處urge后的賓語從句用“(should)動詞原形”的形式，should被省略；賓語從句為make every effort to do sth.的被動形式。句意為：政府緊急督促要盡一切努力降低房價。12.They must have enjoyed themselves there，otherwise they _ so long.A.cant have stayed B.wouldnt have stayedC.cant stay D.wouldnt stay答案B解析由“must have enjoyed”可知otherwise后的情況是與過去的事實(shí)相反的，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用would have done。13He _ the first place again，in which case，his mother will be more than happy.Acant win Bwould have wonCmight win Dcould have won答案C解析考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。此處might表推測。句意為：他可能又獲得了第一名，如果那樣的話，他的母親會很高興。14_more energy to my study instead of being crazy about Internet games，I would be sitting in a fortable office now.AIf I devoted BHad I devotedCWould I be devoted DShould I be devoted答案B解析考查錯綜虛擬句。此處從句用過去完成時，表示與過去的事實(shí)相反，如果省略if要用倒裝句；主句用“would動詞原形”的形式，表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。15She_well let out the secret，for she looked very upset when seeing me.Acan Bmay Cmust Dshall答案B解析考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。may well很可能，極有可能。句意為：她很可能說出了這個秘密，因?yàn)樗匆娢視r她看起來很難過。