單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,.,英語語言學：第,3,章,英語語言學：第,3,章,單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,.,Chapter 3 Morphology,3.1,Introduction,3.2 Morpheme,3.2.1 Free morpheme,3.2.2 Bound morpheme,3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs,3.4 Types of Word Formation,3.4.1 Compounding,3.4.2 Derivation,3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism),outline,.,Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Intr,3.1,Introduction,Definition of morphology,Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure,forms and classes of words.,un-+-ly,unfriendly;unhappily;unkindly;unlonely,-fy,purify;simplify;falsify;amplify,.,3.1 IntroductionDefinition of,3.2 Morpheme,It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.,tourists,:tour;-ist;-s,talks;talker;talked;talking,Types of morpheme:free morpheme and bound morpheme,.,3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal u,3.2.1 Free morpheme,Free morphemes,are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.,friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.,Root,:the basic element of a word that can stand by itself:,talk,inter,nation,alism,work/shop,black/bird,Stem,:the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme:,friend,s,friendship,s,.,3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morph,Stem,A stem may be:,a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme,in which case the root and the stem are the same:,work,talk,a root plus a derivational affix:,worker,s,two or more roots:,workshop,s,.,StemA stem may be:.,Lexical(open)morphemes vs Functional(close)morphemes,Lexical(open)morphemes,are the set of ordinary nouns,verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey.Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily,they are called an open class of words:,book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy,.,Lexical(open)morphemes vs Fu,Functional(close)morphemes,consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions,articles,prepositions and pronouns.As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language,they are called a closed class of words:,and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that,.,Functional(close)morphemes c,3.2.2 Bound morpheme,Bound morphemes,are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.They are actually affixes,including prefixes and suffixes:,-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing,.In some languages,there are also infixes.,.,3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound mor,Prefixes,are joined to the beginning of the root or stem.They can change the meaning or function of the word.,Impossible,unbelievable,enrich,Suffixes,are joined to the end of the root or stem.They can also change the meaning or function of the word.,hopeless,kindness,.,.,Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes,Derivational morphemes,are,OFTEN,used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem.,ness,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-,Inflectional morphemes,manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree and case.,.,Derivational morphemes vs Inf,Inflectional morphemes in English,English has only,eight,inflectional morphemes:,-s,:possessive,-s,:plural,-s,:3rd person present singular,-ing,:present participle,-ed,:past tense and past participle,-en,:past participle,-er,:comparative,-est,:superlative,.,Inflectional morphemes in Engl,Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme,Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word,creating an entirely new word.Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.,.,Differences between derivation,Summary,morpheme,Free morpheme,Bound morpheme,Lexical morpheme,Functional morpheme,Derivational morpheme,Inflectional morpheme,.,Summary morphemeFree morphemeB,3.3,Morphs and Allomorphs,Morphs,:the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.They are the phonological(spoken)or orthographic(written)forms which realize morphemes.They are minimal carriers of meaning.,Allomorph,:a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.,.,3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morp,Allomorph,Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.,-ed past tense,-t:talked,-d:stayed,-id:created,(phonological),-d:changed,-ed:worked,(orthographic),-s(plurality),-z:meaning,s,-s:map,s,-iz:watch,es,-ai-:m,i,ce,-i:-:f,ee,t,0:deer,.,Allomorph Allomorphs are in co,3.4 Types of Word Formation,Word formation or word building is the creation of new words,which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways.The most important ways are compounding and derivation.,.,3.4 Types of Word Formation Wo,3.4.1 Compounding,Definition,:putting two words together.The first element receives the main stress,and the second one determines the new words class.,typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard,.,3.4.1 Comp