單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,西方語言學(xué)流派漫談,Schools of Linguistics:Introduction,北京外國語大學(xué),中國外語教育研究中心,劉潤清,由,http:/,整理,區(qū)分流派與分支,Distinction between Schools and Branches,1.1,流派多指思潮,有代表人物,代表著作,主要觀點,研究方法,盛行時代,有其影,響,往往有歷史視角,.,Schools refer to trends of thought,with their representative figures,works,unique ideas,methods and influence on later development;a diachronic perspective.,區(qū)分流派與分支,Distinction between Schools and Branches,1.2,分支多指領(lǐng)域,研究范圍,也有經(jīng)典著作,有影響的人物,多用共時觀點,.,(Branches refer to areas of study,with their classics,and influential figures;often a synchronic perspective.),1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,Distinction between Schools and Branches,1.3,歷史視角和共時視角 一起 可以畫出一個十字,像一個坐標(biāo),.,The diachronic and synchronic perspectives will form a cross,which like a coordinate.,Distinction between Schools and Branches,1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,1.2,語言學(xué)的分支,:Branches:,從內(nèi)部分,:,語音學(xué),音系,(,位,),學(xué),詞匯學(xué),形態(tài) 學(xué),句法學(xué),語義學(xué),語用學(xué),(?)Distinction from within:phonetics,phonology,lexicology,morphology,syntax,semantic,pragmatics(?),1.,區(qū)分,流派與分支,從外部分,:,心理語言學(xué),社會語言學(xué),計算語,言學(xué),神經(jīng)語言學(xué),文化語言學(xué),人類語言,學(xué)等,.Distinction from without:psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,computation linguistics,neurolinguistics,anthropological linguistics,cultural linguistics,etc.,1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,大分類,:,理論語言學(xué),應(yīng)用語言學(xué),Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.,1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,1.3,語言學(xué)流派,:,傳統(tǒng)語法,(600BC,18,世紀(jì),)traditional grammar;,歷史語言學(xué),(19,世紀(jì),100,年,)historical linguistics;,現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)開端,(,索緖爾,20,世紀(jì)初,)the beginning of modern linguistics;,1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,歐洲功能主義,(20,世紀(jì),20-50)European functionalism,倫敦學(xué)派,(194050)The London School;,系統(tǒng)功能語法,(1960,現(xiàn)在,),Hallidays,Systemic-functional grammar,1.,區(qū)分流派與分支,美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué),(193050)American structuralism,美國轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法,(1957,現(xiàn),)Chomskys Generative Grammar,認(rèn)知語言學(xué)（,today,）,Cognitive linguistics,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,2.1,形式派,注重分析語言的形式,結(jié)構(gòu),成分和成分的分布,對語言進行形式描寫和描寫的形式化,考慮語言的心理性,.,The formal school:emphasize the formal,structural aspects of L,and distribution of elements;formalize the description of L;a psychological perspective.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,2.2,功能派,注重分析語言的功能,分析不同層次上的成分的語義功能,認(rèn)為功能決定形式,考慮語言的社會性,.The functional school:emphasize the functional nature of L;analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels;function determines form;a sociolinguistic perspective.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,2.3,兩派的區(qū)別,形式主義者認(rèn)為語言是心理現(xiàn)象,;,功能主義者說語言是社會現(xiàn)象,.The formal camp say language is a psychological fact;the functional camp say language is a social fact.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,2.,形式主義者說語言普遍現(xiàn)象是人類生理遺傳,;,功能主義者說是來自社會對語言的普遍運用,.The formal camp say linguistic universals are mens biological inheritance;the functional camp say language similarities come from the common use of language.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,3.,形式主義者 說兒童習(xí)得語言是人類的內(nèi)在能力,;,功能主義者說這是兒童交際的需要和能力的發(fā)展,.The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language;the functional camp say that language learning comes from childrens needs and development.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,A More Macro Distinction,4.,形式主義者把語言當(dāng)成獨立系統(tǒng)研究；功能主義者把語言放在社會功能中研究。,The formalists regard language as an independent system;the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,2.4,韓禮德,:20,世紀(jì)下半葉的基本對立陣營不是結(jié)構(gòu)主義與生成語法。最根本的兩大陣營是：以組合關(guān)系為取向的形式派（形式語法，源于邏輯和哲學(xué)），和以聚合關(guān)系為取向的功能派（功能語法，源于修辭和人種學(xué)）。形式派把語言看成一系列的結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)之間可以找出固定的關(guān)系（所以才有轉(zhuǎn)換一說）；他們強調(diào)語言的普遍性，把語法（他們稱之為句法）看成是語言的基礎(chǔ)（所以語法是任意的），因此語法圍繞著句子而展開。,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,Halliday:The basic opposition is not that between structural and generative grammars.The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmatic in orientation(by and large the formal grammars,with their roots in logic and philosophy),2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,and those that are primarily paradigmatic(by and large the functional ones,with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography).The former interpret a language a list of structures,among which,regular relationships may be established,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,(hence the introduction of transformation);they tend to emphasize universal features of language,to take grammar(which they call syntax)as the foundation of language(hence the grammar is arbitrary),and so to be organized around the sentence.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,功能派把語言看成是一個關(guān)系網(wǎng)，其基本關(guān)系借助于結(jié)構(gòu)加以實現(xiàn)；他們強調(diào)語言之間的不同點，把語義看做語言的基礎(chǔ)（所以語法是自然的），因此語法是圍繞著文本或語篇而展開的。兩個陣營之間有許多交叉，也有互相借鑒，但從思潮上講二者是很不同的，兩大陣營開展對話也很困難。,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations,with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships;they tend to emphasize variables among languages,to take semantics as the foundation(hence the grammar is natural),and so to be organized around the text,or discourse.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,There are many cross-currents,with insights borrowed from one to the other;but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often difficulty to maintain a dialogue,.,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,韓禮德還說：功能語法屬于應(yīng)用研究，形式語法屬于純理論研究；功能語法更近于修辭，形式語法更近于邏輯；功能語法研究實際語言能力，形式語法研究理想的語言能力；功能語法研究文本,/,語篇，形式語法研究句子。它把文本分析看做行為方式，語言理論是成事之手段。,2.,宏觀區(qū)分流派,Halliday:In general the functional approach leans towards the applied rather than the pure,the rhetorical rather than the logical,the actual rather the ideal,