東北林業(yè)大學翻譯基礎筆譯課件
單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Unit 3,翻譯的過程,描述翻譯過程的不同模式,傳統(tǒng)的兩階段模式,奈達的三階段模式,傳統(tǒng)的翻譯模式,翻譯的過程常常被翻譯實踐者簡練地概括成理解與表達。理解包括分析原文,弄懂原文的確切意思;表達就是要在譯入語中把原文的意思說出來。,這種方法簡單,但弱點是不能揭示在翻譯中句子或語篇深層的轉換過程。,奈達的翻譯模式,The Theory and Practice of Translation,分析理解原文,通俗講,分析原文就是要弄懂原文的意思。但是“意思”(meaning)一詞很難把握。,所指意義(referential meaning,以語言所指 的客觀世界為基礎的意義),關聯(lián)意義(associated meaning,包括所有人、社會文化因素引發(fā)的意義),結構意義(structural meaning,包括語言本身結構產(chǎn)生的意義),所指意義(referential meaning),指詞或短語所指稱的事物的語義特征,是詞最基本的意義,如,電腦、球拍、跑、跳等。所指意義比較容易表達,因為它比較穩(wěn)定,不太容易變化。,Put the disk into Drive A.,Take three tablets a day.,關聯(lián)意義(associated meaning),指從語言所存在的大環(huán)境中滋生出來的,是社會的、文化的意義。因此,很難保持穩(wěn)定。,Work while you work and play while you play.This is the way to be happy and gay.,gay 高興,invitation 應召 妓女,Martin Luther King,Five score years ago,Lincoln,Four scores and seven years ago,關聯(lián)意義不像所指意義那么穩(wěn)定,一個用語在不同的語境中會意外地產(chǎn)生出關聯(lián)意義來,有時甚至可能產(chǎn)生出多個意義相反的關聯(lián)意義來。,son of bitch 罵人的話,And how are you doing,you son of bitch?,一般來說,在以信息為主的語篇中沒有很多關聯(lián)意義,此時,所指意義占主導地位。因此,科技報告、儀器操作手冊等語篇主要承載所指意義,翻譯時以反映所指意義為主。,但表達情感或宣傳廣告之類的語篇中會有不少關聯(lián)意義。因此,在翻譯文學、政治演說、商業(yè)廣告時,譯者就必須仔細分析原文,看出所指意義之外的附加意義,并考慮是否并如何在譯文中反映出這類意義。,結構意義(structural meaning),一個事件可以用不用的方式表達,不同的表達效果也不同,所以句子的語言結構并非形同虛設。,Although,he attempts what no English novelist has ever attempted,although,he extends the language before all precedent,I feel that his novel is trivial.,另外,句子簡潔與否也構成意義。,Once upon a time there was a princess.And the princess lived in a castle with her father and mother.Her father and mother were King and Queen of the country.One day the King took the princess away on his horse and they rode over the hills and then they came to a great city.,頭腦中圖像的形成,分析的結果是對原文的理解,我們在分析階段看到的仍然是語言的線性結構,看到的是文字。在經(jīng)過分析并理解原文的意思之后,更重要的是要在頭腦中形成一個圖像。,a beautiful dancer,許淵沖 翻譯中的圖像,譯入語表達,在這一階段譯者要將所有分析理解的內(nèi)容用譯入語表達出來,即用線性結構的文字表達。,分析過程中會發(fā)現(xiàn)不同層次的意義,譯者要做的就是把分析出來的各層意義在譯入語中重現(xiàn)。這時一般應以譯入語為歸依,將分析理解過程中形成的圖像或抽象概念根據(jù)正確的關系重新組合,再用地道的譯入語表達出來。,On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the latter part of autumn,when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together,and throw a gloom over the decline of the year,I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile;and as I passed its threshold,it seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity,and losing myself among the shades of former ages.,The Westminster Abbey,by Washington Iving,譯文1:在晚秋暗淡而悲哀的一天,當曙光和夜色幾乎混而為一,而將這年終醞釀成一片凄涼的時分,我在那威治明士德院里徘徊,消磨了數(shù)小時的光陰,在這古屋悲壯的外觀上,有種情調是正和那氣候相稱的;當時,在我跨進門檻的時候,仿佛是走回到古代的境地之中,把自己消失在前朝黑洞洞的影子里。,譯文2:時方晚秋,氣象肅穆,略帶憂郁,早晨的陰影和黃昏的陰影,幾乎連接在一起,不可分別,歲云將暮,終日昏暗,我就在這么一天,到西敏大寺去信步走了幾個鐘頭。古寺巍巍,森森然似有鬼氣,和陰沉沉的季候正好相符;我跨進大門,覺得自己好像已經(jīng)置身遠古世界,忘形于昔日的憧憧鬼影之中了。(夏濟安譯),analyze the source text,form pictures or concepts,reconstruct in target language,from linear to picture back to linear again,Unit 4,翻譯技巧概述,許淵沖教授的數(shù)學公式:,1,加詞,2+1=2(加詞不加意),2,減詞,2-1=2(減詞不減意)3,換詞,2+2=3+1(變換符號不變換意思)4,移詞,1+2=2+1(前后移位)5,分譯,4=2+2(一分為二)6,合譯,2+2=4(合二為一)7,深化,1,:,2=2,:,4(具體化)8,淺化,2,:,4=1,:,2(抽象化)9,等化,2+2=2*2(尋求靈活對等),10,一分為四,4=1+1+1+1(莎士比亞戲劇中的“woe”譯成 “悲歡離合”),11,合四為一,1+1+1+1=4(“管它冬夏與春秋”譯成“I dont care what season it is”),解包袱法(unpacking),wonderful books,以-ful結尾的形容詞指示著英文中形容詞和名次之間的關系,New Yorker雜志上稱克林頓為the first black president,克林頓是第一個黑人總統(tǒng)?,克林頓是第一個與黑人關系緊密的總統(tǒng)(加詞),翻譯時加詞會比較危險,一旦解讀錯誤,加詞就必錯無疑。,Clinton is the first woman president.,克林頓與女人有婚外關系?,克林頓在政治上特別注重婦女利益,因為有風險,所以貪圖簡便。,opinion leader 意見領袖,能影響或左右輿論的人,名詞和名詞或形容詞和名詞之間的關系復雜,譯者在使用各種技巧之前必須先將這些關系像解包袱一樣解開,然后理順。,(1)We want to buy,quality steel,.,我們要買,高質量的鋼材,。,(2)I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S.business perspective on one of todays great,quality challenges,:building a high skills/high wage workforce.,我很高興能來介紹一下美國商界對我們今天,在素質方面所面臨的挑戰(zhàn),的看法,這項挑戰(zhàn)就是如何建立一支高技術、高薪金的勞動隊伍。,(3)The president now is on a,poverty tour,.,總統(tǒng)目前正在訪問貧困地區(qū)。,(本句應解讀為The president is touring the poor areas.),(4)noise abatement procedures,抑制噪聲的措施,(本句應解讀為the procedures abate noise),(5)satellite communications ground station equipment repairer,衛(wèi)星通訊地面站設備修理人員,(6)She is on her,listening,tour of New York.,她正在紐約巡回訪問,,廣泛聽取意見,。,(7)criminal law,criminal lawyer,criminal attack,criminally insane,刑法,專門處理刑事案件的律師,構成犯罪的攻擊,刑事法庭鑒定為患有精神病,(8)This is a,thought-provoking,different explanation.,這個解釋完全不同,但卻很能給人啟發(fā)。,(9)Tom is sometimes,favorably,compared with Jack.,人們有時把吉姆和杰克相比,認為吉姆更好。,(10)The areas could be,profitably,rehabilitated.,重建這些地區(qū)是有利可圖的。,(11)The,consensus,strategies for managing the worlds forests,sustainably,.,既能獲得各方同意,又能使全球森林得以持續(xù)生長的管理策略。,(12)Men tend to enjoy public,referentially orientated,talk,while women enjoy intimate,affectively orientated,talk.,男人喜歡公開談論有具體內(nèi)容的話題,而女人則喜歡私下交流感情。,(13),Of,humble parentage,he began his working life in a shoe factory.,由于,出身低微,他的第一份工作是在一家制鞋廠。,(14),With,the tree now tall,we get more shade.,由于,樹長高了,我們就有了更多的樹蔭。,opinion leader 意見領袖,Q:,包袱的解與不解?,