單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Chapter 3,3.1 What is Morpheme?,什么是語素？,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語素和形態(tài)學,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語素的類型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學的變化和詞素變體,We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components.,Ex.,chairman chair,man,townhall town,hall,boys boy,-s,checking check,-ing,disappointment dis-,appoint,-ment,1、Morphemes 語素,Definition:,The,smallest,unit,of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning,a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without,destroying or drastically,altering the meaning.,語素是最小的語言單位，不能再進一步劃分為更小的單位而不破壞或徹底改變其詞匯意義或語法意義。,such as:chair,dog,cup and so on.,2.Morphology 形態(tài)學,Morphology:,The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形態(tài)學是語言學的一個分支。,It studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.它研究詞的內部結構和構造規(guī)則。,E.G.,purify pur(e),-ify,amplify(放大)simplify(簡單化),electrify(充電)falsify(偽造),A new verb can be created by adding,-ify,to an adjective.,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語素和形態(tài)學,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語素的類型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學的變化和詞素變體,1、,Free,morpheme and,Bound,morpheme,自由語素和黏著語素,A.,Freemorphemes,:Those that may occur alone,those which may make up words by themselves.(可以單獨出現(xiàn)，獨自構成單詞。),E.g.,dog,nation,close,mono-morphemic words（單語素詞）.,All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.,Compounds（復合詞）:there are poly morphemic words(多語素詞),which,consist,wholly of free morphemes,.,e.g.paymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower.,B.Bound morphemes(黏著語素):,They cannot occur alone.(不能單獨出現(xiàn)),They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一個不同的語素）,e.g.dog,s,nation,al,dis,close.,distempered,dis temper -ed,bound morphemes,free morphemes,2.Root,affix and stem 詞根，詞綴，詞干,Root,（詞根）,:,the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its,meaning,that,is to,say,it,is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.,(,詞根是構成詞的基礎成分，不能再作進一步分析而不破壞其意義。也就是說，把一個詞的所有詞綴去掉之后的部分就是詞根。,),eg,:,friend,as in,un,friend,liness,.,All words contain a root morpheme.,所有的詞都至少包含一個詞根詞素。,Roots may be,Free,（自由語素）,:,those that can stand by themselves,eg,:,black in,blackboard,blackbird,;,Bound,（黏著語素）,:,those that cannot stand by themselves,eg,:,-,ceive,in,receive,perceive,conceive,.,B.,Affix,（詞綴）,:,is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).詞綴是那些只能附著于另一個詞素（詞根或詞干）上的一類語素的總稱。,Normally divided into:,prefix,(,dis-,un,-,)前綴 dislike undo,suffix,(-ize,-tion,)后綴 colonize revolution,Infix（-ee-）中綴 feet,A word,root,prefix,suffix,determine,The meaning of a word,change,The meaning of a word,determine,The characteristic of a word,C.Stem 詞干,any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.,詞干是指能夠附加上屈折詞綴的語素或語素組合,friends,friend,friendships,friendship,請看課本,54,圖,3、,Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴,A.Inflectional affixes,very often only add,a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈折詞綴常常在詞干后面添加一個微小的或微妙的語法意義。例如：toy,s,walk,s,Jonh,s,Derivational affixes,often change the,lexical meaning.派生詞綴常常改變詞匯意義.,B.Inflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折詞綴不改變詞類。,Derivational affixes might change the word class派生詞綴可能改變詞類,C,.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by,Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折詞綴受到的限制是非語義性的語言因素，這一因素在它們所依附的詞以外，但是在短語或句子之內。,Eg.The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主語決定的。,Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生詞綴更多是根據(jù)簡單的意義區(qū)別。,例如，clever和cleverness之間的選擇依賴于我們要談論性質“clever”還是要談論處于聰明的狀態(tài)“cleverness”,D,.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折詞綴絕大部分是后綴。如：drum,s,walk,s,Mary,s,Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生詞綴可以是前綴也可以是后綴。E.g.,de,part,on,line,teach,er,work,able,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語素和形態(tài)學,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語素的類型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學的變化和詞素變體,Allomorph,An allomorph(詞素變體)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.,同一語素在不同環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)時的不同表現(xiàn)形式。,Allomorphs in prefixes,morpheme,negative morpheme,in-,morph1:im morph2:ir morph3:il,im,possible,ir,regular,il,legal,A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.,allomorphs,Allomorphs in suffix,morpheme,noun morpheme,-ion,morph1:tion morph2:ation morph3:sion,descrip,tion,moderniz,ation,deci,sion,descri,be,modern,ize,deci,de,-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation,are the,positional variants,of the same suffix.,allomorphs,Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms（復數(shù)形式）of nouns:,e.g.s,-es,-en,-ee-,and so on,cat dog,horse,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,Morphological change形態(tài)變化,研究當代詞匯與古詞匯的不同,inflectional changes in affix,屈折詞綴的不同,e.g.第三人稱單數(shù)做主語一般現(xiàn)在時動詞形式,ancient form present form,-eth -s,-es,do do(e)th does,go goeth goes,find findeth finds,The change of verb form and plural form of noun,名詞復數(shù)形式的變化,seedes/wayes seeds/ways,Thou,ye,yee you,Thy your,第二人稱單數(shù),