2019-2020年高考英語 專題講練六 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)【知識點歸納】I.動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時is/am/are doing was/were doing現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時has/have done had done現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行時has/have been doing had been doing一般將來時過去將來時will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to do would/should do was/were going to dowas/were(about)to do被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時is/am/are done/was/were done現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時is/am/are being done/was/were being done現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時has/have been donehad been done一般將來時過去將來時will/shall be done is/am/are going to be doneis/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be donewas/were going to be done was/were(about)to be doneII.動詞時態(tài)的用法1.一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來;Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,e等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作;There goes the bell.鈴響了。There es the bus.汽車來了。Here she es.她來了。注意：近幾年，對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查常用過去時態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)對考生進行干擾Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific,and we met no storm.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called雖然航海發(fā)生在過去，但是，海洋的名稱不會因此而變化，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時。2.現(xiàn)在進行時表示正在進行的動作;表示按計劃安排即將發(fā)生的動作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is ing to see me this Saturday.這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。代替一般現(xiàn)在時，描繪更加生動。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強調(diào)動作正在進行;He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人。She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。大多數(shù)動詞可用于進行時，但也有些動詞不用于進行時。常見的有：感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心態(tài)類：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt所有類：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。3.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時已完成的動作;I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段時間狀語連用;He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地(人已回來)”用“have/has been to”;表示“到某地去了(還未回來)”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.在時間狀語從句,條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中表達將來某時已經(jīng)完成的動作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.注意：這里的現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)從句動作在主句動作之前完成, 如果兩個動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時;試比較：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home.短暫動詞(即瞬間動詞)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說：He has joined the army three years.可采用：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延續(xù)法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.注意：沒有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用, 但“in(over) the past/last+時間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。4.現(xiàn)在完成進行時用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動作;He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進行時的動詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進行時。5.一般過去時表達特定的過去時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的動作或為; He often sang when he was a boy.He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。I didnt know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過去的事了)這一用法考生要特別注意。注意：參看過去將來時的用法。6.過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作(這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示);He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時進行;They were still working when I left.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發(fā)生;I was writing while he was watching TV.過去計劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于e, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);He said she was arriving the next day.與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。(參看現(xiàn)在進行時的用法)rade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.過去進行時可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.7.過去完成時表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動詞)。I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.我本來想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來)。注意：過去完成時必須以過去某一時刻為基點，即“過去的過去”。因此只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它;before, after本身表示時間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。He (had) left before I arrived.8.一般將來時一般將來時有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記?。簑ill/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計劃安排去做某事)be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)be doing (按計劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時間連用)be about to do (按計劃即將發(fā)生)一般將來時的用法：現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)Tom will e next week.He will be here tomorrow.事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢Oil will float in water.Fish will die without water.對將來某個動作的安排、計劃He is going to speak on TV this evening.9.將來完成時用來表示在將來某個時刻(前)將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.10.過去將來時過去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);She was sure she would succeed.I thought you would e.把一般將來時中的助動詞變成過去式，便成了過去將來時的表達形式。表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。When he was young, he would go swimming.注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。11.要求一定時態(tài)的固定的句型was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，這時突然)I was reading a book when the bell rang.was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，這時突然)We were about to leave when the telephone rang.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatIts the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.如果句中有比較確定的時間狀語，則服從時間狀語的要求。Last year I saw him many times.It is/has been sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.Hardly whenNo sooner thanHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.I had no sooner e into the room than the door was closed.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatThis is the first time I have been here.Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.III.被動語態(tài)的用法被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象，一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動詞的過去分詞"。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時，由"情態(tài)動詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。1.被動語態(tài)的適用范圍當我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。這時不用by短語。This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。為了強調(diào)動作的承受者時Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說你最近很活躍。常用于如下句型：Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that 據(jù)說Its reported that 據(jù)報道 Its not decided that尚未決定Its believed that 據(jù)認為 Its announced that據(jù)宣布2.被動語態(tài)的句型常見句式是：主語(受動者)+be+過去分詞+(by+施動者)He was scolded by the English teacher.主語+get+過去分詞+其它成分The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by+施動者”在現(xiàn)代英語中大量地出現(xiàn)了由"get+及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)，這就叫做get-型被動語態(tài)。get-型被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞數(shù)量有限，通常為單個的動詞或比較簡單的動詞短語。get+及物動詞的過去分詞get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等動詞的-ed形式連用，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動作的結(jié)果而非動作本身，常指"最后終于，突然發(fā)生"等意義。He got wounded in the battle. 他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷了。The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受傷了。get-型被動語態(tài)一般不宜用在含有雙賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也不宜與see, hear, watch, listen to等感官動詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人給了這位老人一大筆錢。The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 誤)get-型被動語態(tài)有時有言外之意或具有感情色彩He got taught a lesson. 他被教訓了一頓。(有“活該”之意)How did the window get closed. 窗戶怎么關上了?(有“不該關上之意)get-型被動語態(tài)有時表示開始進入某種狀態(tài)，而be+動詞的-ed形式只表示存在的狀態(tài)。She got tired. 她感到累了。(有開始感到疲勞的含義)She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)帶有雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)的主動句變?yōu)閯泳洌渲髡Z可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。She lent me a bike.被動：I was lent a bike(by her).A bike was lent to me(by her).情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞This problem must be worked out in half an hour.雙重被動式：主語+被動式謂語+不定式的被動式+其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.3.主動表示被動的幾種情況不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。一些連系動詞的主動式+形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out trueCotton feels soft.4.不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況當句子的賓語是反身代詞時(因為反身代詞不可作主語)He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可變?yōu)镠imself can be dressed by him.當句子的賓語是相互代詞時(因為相互代詞不可作主語)We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.類似lose heart詞組的還有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her.當have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞作謂語時Our village has twenty tractors. 我們村有20臺拖拉機。The hall can hold xx people. 這個大廳能盛xx人 The war lasted four years. 這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了4年 當某些及物動詞(如leave, enter, join,等)的賓語是表示處所、地點或組織時The students entered the classroom one by one. 學生門陸續(xù)地進了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了黨。My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父親5年前離開了家鄉(xiāng)。當句子的賓語是同源賓語時The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家過著幸福的生活。當句子的賓語為行為者(主語)身體上某一部分時I couldnt believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。 He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越柵欄時傷了腳。當用非謂語動詞作賓語時He likes studying English. 他喜歡學習英語I wish to go there myself. 我想親自去那里一趟 注意：少數(shù)以不定式(短語)做賓語的動詞(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以變?yōu)楸粍泳?，但不能以不定?短語)直接做被動句的主語，而要借助it為先行主語，將不定式(短語)置于謂語動詞之后 He has decided to go and study abroad.It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國留學。5.含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.【高考預測】1.Why didnt you buy the calculator?I _, but Mother _ allow me.A. would want to; didnt B. had wanted to; didntC. wanted to; wouldnt D. had wanted to; wouldnt2.This returned scholar has bee one of the top experts in this field.Yes, I know him very well. He _ for ten years at an institute in the USA.A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working3. We _ dinner at six oclock when JSTV _ to show the film “If you are not the one”.A. are having; will start B. will be having; startsC. have; will start D. will have had; starts4. Is Robert abroad ?I think so. He _ for a better job, but he didnt get it.A.hopes B.has hoped C.was hoped D.had hoped5. Mr. Wang _ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist pain and _ it for a long time.A. played; has not played B. plays; had not playedC. plays; did not play D. plays; has not played6. Isnt it a great surprise that I happened to meet my university English teacher at the South Bank Parkland last week?How long _ you _ each other, then?A. hadnt; seen B. havent; seen C. didnt; see D. dont; see7. It is said that the meeting _ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it?!A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted8. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting_.A.was holding B.had held C.was to hold D.was to be held9. 一Is there any possible way to help them get rid of such a bad habit?一To tell the truth, its very hard.But we on this problem.A.worked B.had worked C.are working D.had been working10. Is there anything wrong with you, Jake? You look so pale.I feel very tired.I _on this boring paper every day so far this month.A.work B.have been working C.had been working D.am working11. Look out, there is a bus ahead.Oh, dear, _A. I am not noticing it B. I havent noticed it C. I wasnt noticing it D. I had not noticed it12. The truck ran down the hill, and the driver _, according to the local newspaper, to have been killed.A. was reported B. was reporting C. reported D. had been reported13. He will e to see you the moment he his work.A. will finish B. finishes C. would finish D. had finished14. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know15. Im going to the USA.How long you there?A. are; staying B. are; stayed C. have; stayed D. did; stay16. Tom, its time that you _your own clothes.I would rather you _that for me just like before.A. washed; had done B. wash; have done C. washed; have done D. wash; had washed17. Its reported that by the end of this year the output of cars of the factory by about 20%A.will have risen B.will be raised C.will rise D.will have been risen18. Had we been more careful, the accident might not have happened. But we _ at that time.A. hadnt B. didnt C. werent D. might not19. Im sure Andrew will e out first in this gymnastic petition.I think so. He _ for it for months.A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing20. Miss wang once art at Bardon School for ten years and now is a singer.No wonder I often hear her sing in the garden.A. had taught B. taught C. is teaching D. has been teaching21.I wonder how long you _ in Hawaii.Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angeles.A.will stay B.were staying C.have stayed D.stayed22.Im sorry, I shouldnt have been so rude to you.You_ your temper but thats OK.A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing23.Hi, Nancy, I you had e back. So have you graduated from college?Yes. I_ French for four years in Nanjing.A. dont know,have studied B.didnt know, had studiedC. didnt know,studied D.dont know, am studying24. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires that25. Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes，we should，for we_ such bad luck up till now，and time_ out. A. have had;is running B. had;is running C. have;has been run D. have had;has been run 26.You were out when I dropped in at your house.Oh, I_ for a friend from England at the airport.A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited27.What were you doing when Tony phoned you?I had just finished my work and _ to take a shower.A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting28. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged29. Would you like to join us in playing the game?Im sorry, but my homework _ by now.A. hasnt finished B. hasnt been finished C. isnt finished D. wont be finished30. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away31. The boy insisted that he the money and he at once.A. not steal; be set free B. hadnt stolen; be set freeC. didnt steal; should be set free D. hadnt stolen; set free32.As your spoken English gets better, so_ your written English.A. will B. does C. is D. has33.Tom, you didnt e to the party last night?I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.A. had to B. didnt C. was going to D. wouldnt34. Why does the river smell terrible?Because large quantities of water_.A.have polluted B.is being polluted C.has been polluted D.have been polluted35.The pany _ a rise in salary for ages but nothing has happened yet.A. has been promising B. had promised C. promised D. promises36. Have you handed in your papers?Yes, we have. I guess they _ now.A. have corrected B. are corrected C. are being corrected D. are correcting37.The cause he had devoted himself to _a perfect success.A. proving B.proved C. was proved D.has been proved38. Good morning. Doctor Browns office.Hello, this is Tom Smith. Could you please tell Doctor Brown I _? My car_ start.A.was delayed，doesnt B. will be delayed, wontC. am delayed, didnt D would delay, mustnt39. Could you lend me that book you _ me about when I telephoned you? No, I am sorry, I cant. I gave it to a friend.A. were telling B. would tell C. had told D. had been telling40. Sorry, I _ to buy the book you need for you. Never mind. _ it myself after school.A. forget; Id rather buy B. forgot; Ill buyC. forgot; Im going to buy D. forget; Id better buy41.I didnt get into the two-hour quarrel; I know how it _, though.A. would break out B. has broken out C. was breaking out D. had broken out42.We to put off our school sports meet until next month.I that.A. have decided; didnt expect B. decided; didnt expectC. have decided; havent expected D. decide; dont expect43.Unfortunately, when I dropped in, Doctor Li _ for Beijing to join in the fight again H1N1, so we only had time for a few words.A. just left B. has just left C. is just leaving D. was just leaving44.In recent years many football clubs _ as business to make a profit.A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run45.No conclusion _ about whether to tear down the old buildings for a theme park until several discussions have been made.A.will be reached B.is reached C.is being reached D.had been reached46.Have you finished your position already, Jack?Yes, I _ it within half an hour.A.have finished B.finished C.finish D.had finished47.I became a teacher in 1993. I _ for 13 years by next summer.A. has taught B. will teach C. has been teaching D. will have been teaching48.What happened?Well, the wind _ the door open. I ve already closed it.A.is blowing B.has blown C.blew D.had blown49. My nephew will e tomorrow. But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.A. came B. is ing C. will e D. had e50. May I remind you that a Mr Li is waiting outside, sir?Oh, that is right, I _ about it.A. forget B. had forgotten C forgot D. have forgotten【參考答案】1-5BCBDD 6-10ACDCB 11-15CABBA 16-20AACDB 21-25DCCCA26-30ADCDB 31-35BACDA 36-40CBBAB 41-45DADBA 46-50BDCAC