2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題十 特殊句式 新人教版一、倒裝句1全部倒裝(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theres that bookshop I was telling you about.(2)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首時(shí)，為使生動(dòng)地描述情景而采用倒裝語序。此時(shí)，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。There goes the phone.Ill answer it.(3)such作表語置于句首時(shí)。Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時(shí)?！癐f you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.(5)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語位于句首時(shí)。In the center of the square stands a monument.(6)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.2部分倒裝在下列幾種情況下，只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語之前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時(shí)。Little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。Neither does he drink nor smoke.(3)當(dāng)only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時(shí)。Only then did I find I had made a mistake.(4)在so/such.that.從句中，當(dāng)so形容詞/副詞或such名詞位于句首時(shí)。So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)當(dāng)表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用so/as系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語，表示“也是”。Times have changed and so have I.(6)當(dāng)neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用neither/nor系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語，表示“也不”。They couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動(dòng)詞were，had，should提到主語前面。Had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。Try as she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。May you succeed!二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句1使用助動(dòng)詞do，does和did對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。First impressions really do count.2運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語以外的其他句子成分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who句子的其他部分?？捎脕韽?qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語成分。在復(fù)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)，要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的主謂一致在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，當(dāng)對(duì)陳述句中的主語進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)形式It is/was.，同時(shí)，that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)當(dāng)對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語、時(shí)間狀語或其他狀語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用連接詞that，而不能用when，where，why或how等。It was on August 8,xx that 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問句在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么句子成分，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r(shí)，都須將主句改為疑問語序，即將“It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分”改為“Is/Was it被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分？”或“疑問詞is/was it that其他成分？”結(jié)構(gòu)。Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?When was it that she changed her mind?(4)在對(duì)not.until結(jié)構(gòu)中的until時(shí)間狀語或時(shí)間狀語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要將句中的not移至until之前，構(gòu)成：It is/was not until.that.。注意that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語序。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.三、省略句1狀語從句中的省略由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果其謂語為be，而主語與主句的主語相同時(shí)，則從句的主語和be可省略?；驈木涞闹髡Z為it時(shí)，謂語為be，也可省略從句中的it和be。如：When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.遇到麻煩時(shí)，我總是找同學(xué)幫忙。If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.可能的話，這臺(tái)機(jī)器會(huì)立即修好。2不定式的省略單獨(dú)使用不定式符號(hào)to代替不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動(dòng)詞，常見詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。I asked him to see the film，but he didnt want to.Will you please look after my house when Im away?Im glad to.Are you a sailor?No.But I used to be.Your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3?？嫉膸讉€(gè)省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than等4并列句中的省略并列句中的兩個(gè)對(duì)等句里的動(dòng)詞相同時(shí)，后者的動(dòng)詞可以省略。如：He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.他要去香港，但是他的弟弟要去美國。My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.我的房間在三樓，他的在五樓。四、注意事項(xiàng)1如果由特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語從句時(shí)，從句必須使用陳述語序，不可用疑問語序。He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的反意疑問句式。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，其反意疑問句的主語及助動(dòng)詞必須與主句It is/was.保持一致。It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)與定語從句的混合使用。在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，常將強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句混合起來，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子，理清結(jié)構(gòu)“強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句”。It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.4強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與時(shí)間狀語從句的辨析。當(dāng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”原句仍然完整。而在時(shí)間狀語從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。It was at 1428 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)It was 1428 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語從句)技巧1分析句型結(jié)構(gòu)，注意特殊句式在一些試題中要注意區(qū)別一些特殊的句型，如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、反意疑問句、祈使句等，特別注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句、特殊疑問句形式。 考題印證It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village_the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.(xx安徽，27)Awhere Bthat Cwhen Dwhich答案B解析句意為：僅僅用她從村莊里買來的一些簡(jiǎn)單的東西，女主人就做了一頓豐盛的晚餐。從句式看此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，故選B項(xiàng)。技巧2還原特殊句型，顯現(xiàn)本來面目 一般說來，對(duì)于一些特殊的句型，我們可以把它還原為正常的句型，如把倒裝句還原為陳述句，把省略句補(bǔ)全等等?？碱}印證Is everyone here?Not yet.Look，there_the rest of our guests！(xx江蘇，33)Ae BesCis ing Dare ing答案A解析句意為：大家都來了嗎？還沒有看！我們其余的客人來了。there放在句首時(shí)，句子謂語動(dòng)詞用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由guests可知the rest指代復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，故謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。1It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in mon.Awas until；when Bwas until；thatCwasnt until；when Dwasnt until；that答案D解析It was.that.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句，對(duì)not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。在這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞時(shí)，可以用who代替that引出句子的其他部分。2Will you go to see the movie A Simple Noodle Story tomorrow evening?No，I am going to a lecture，or at least I am planning_.Ato BsoCgo Dthat答案A解析考查省略的用法。I am planning to是I am planning to go to a lecture的省略。3I dont suppose anyone will volunteer，_？Ado I Bdont ICwill they Dwont they答案C解析句意為：我認(rèn)為不會(huì)有人自愿，是不是？當(dāng)陳述部分是“I dont think/suppose賓語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，附加問句的主語與動(dòng)詞與從句一致且用肯定形式。4I just wonder _ that made Mark Twain so famous a writer.Of course his early experiences.Ait was what Bwhat he didChow he did Dwhat it was答案D解析句意為：我只想知道是什么使得馬克吐溫成為一個(gè)如此出名的作家。當(dāng)然是他的早期經(jīng)歷了。從題干的含義看，本題涉及強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句和語序。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分在從句中作主語，用what，且wonder后作賓語的疑問句要用陳述句語序，故選D。5Its nice.Never before_such a special drink!Im glad you like it.(2011福建，29)AI have had BI hadChave I had Dhad I答案C解析句意為：太好喝了。我以前從未喝過這么特別的飲料！你能喜歡我很高興。否定詞never置于句首，句子需用部分倒裝語序，排除A、B兩項(xiàng)；又由時(shí)間狀語before可知，句子要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故C項(xiàng)正確。6Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours_a decision.(2011湖南，32)Athey reached Bdid they reachCthey reach Ddo they reach答案B解析句意為：他們只有在討論這個(gè)問題幾個(gè)小時(shí)后才做決定。“only狀語從句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒裝句式，由從句中的“had discussed”可知主句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。7The man has great determination and never gives up halfway_ASo do you BNeither do youCSo is with you DIt is the same with you答案D解析當(dāng)表達(dá)前者的情況適合于后者，而這種情況既有否定也有肯定時(shí)，用It is the same with或So it is with。8It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do _ benefits our work most.(2011陜西，23)Awho Bwhich Cthat Dwhat答案C解析句意為：對(duì)我們的工作最有益的不是我們做了多少，而是我們對(duì)所做的事情注入了多少愛。本句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was.that/who.。因?yàn)樗鶑?qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”，所以選that。另外，強(qiáng)調(diào)句式常與定語從句結(jié)合起來考查。如：It was the words that he spoke that made the teacher angry.。9The police were seeking more information to find out _ the rich merchant.Awho was it that killed Bwho it was that killedCit was who killed Dwho was it killed答案B解析句意為：警方在搜查更多線索，以便查清是誰殺了這位富商。本題考查特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。首先考慮Who killed the rich merchant？的強(qiáng)調(diào)句應(yīng)為：Who was it that killed the rich merchant？然后考慮把“.find out who killed the rich merchant.”變?yōu)椤?find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.”。故選B。10Have you got any plans for the ing birthday?Yes._，Im going to try bungee jumping.AIf not BIf busyCIf anything DIf possible答案D解析句意為：你對(duì)你馬上到來的生日有什么計(jì)劃嗎？有的。如果可能的話，我打算去試一下蹦極跳。A“如果不”；B“如果忙”；C項(xiàng)“若有區(qū)別”；D項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于If it is possible(如果可能的話)。11Only when_in the afternoon_able to leave.Athe match was over；they wereBwas the match over；were theyCwas the match over；they wereDthe match was over；were they答案D解析考查倒裝句。句意為：只有當(dāng)下午的比賽結(jié)束后他們才能夠離開。only引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句位于句首時(shí)，主句需要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，從句不倒裝。12_you write so well?By reading and keeping diaries every day.AHow is it BWhat is itCHow is it that DWhat is it that答案C解析考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。問句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問形式，還原為陳述句是：It is by reading and keeping diaries every day that I write so well.其中對(duì)方式進(jìn)行提問用how。13Mrs.Green got up late，so she ran as fast as she could_the bus.Acatch Bto catchCcatching Dcaught答案B解析該句中could后省略了謂語動(dòng)詞run，后面應(yīng)用不定式表目的，故選B。14He is supposed to make his visit to the club soon，but Im not sure whether he_or not.Adoes Bis Chad Dwill答案D解析考查時(shí)態(tài)與省略句。由前面is supposed to.soon可知應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)。will是will make his visit的省略，即我不知道他是否會(huì)來俱樂部。15_has been heated discussion over which country bakes the worlds best pizza: Italy，where pizza began or the US，where it was globalized.AIt BThere CThat DThis答案B解析考查there be句型。there be句型中的be可以根據(jù)具體的要求有多種變化形式。本句用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示“一直有這種激烈的討論”，所以選B項(xiàng)。