The Present Perfect Passive VoiceUnit 3 Grammar 初中課本給大家介紹了被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法、一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成，以及含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，上一個單元我們又學習了將來時的被動語態(tài)，這里我們將繼續(xù)介紹有關(guān)被動語態(tài)的知識。 ObjectiveTo learn and use the present perfect passive voice. 語法講解建議采用歸納法，如盡可能多的呈現(xiàn)一些相關(guān)例句，或可讓學生從已學課文中找相應(yīng)例句，引導學生試著從所觀察到的語言現(xiàn)象中總結(jié)出語言規(guī)則和語法規(guī)律。 Look at the following sentences.1. An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. (必修2)2. So even the olive wreath has been replaced! (必修2)3. The fantastic modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. (新概 念2 L37) 1. Over time I have been changed quite a lot.2. First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop, I have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s.3. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! Sentences from this unit: 4. Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.5. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.6. I have even been put into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars. to test your sense of observationto test your ability of short-term memory to test your ability to highlight the language points Guess 1. An opinion is what someone believes is true but _. 2. So even the olive wreath _ _! 3. The fantastic modern buildings _ _ by Kurt Gunter. 4. Over time I _ quite a lot.5. First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop, I _ in offices and homes since the 1970s.has not been proved has been replaced have been designedhave been changedhave been used 6. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I _!7. Since the 1970s many new applications _ for me.8. I _ also _ into robots and _ to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.9. I _ even _ into space rockets and _ to explore the Moon and Mars. have been toldhave been found have been putused have been put sent 1. Paper money _ for over a thousand years. A. used B. has been used C. has used D. is using2. _ the letter _ to Mr. Black? No. Its still on the desk. A. Has; given B. Will; be given C. Was; given D. Has; been given 3. Great changes _ in my hometown and a lot of factories _. A. have taken place; have been set up B. have been taken place; are being set up C. are taken place; had been set up D. had taken place; will be set up 以上我們已經(jīng)通過歸納總結(jié)和練習對本課的語法內(nèi)容有了一定的了解，下面就讓我們根據(jù)之前練習的考察情況進一步選擇講解該語法項的重難點。 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生在過去, 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響。 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)Understanding the structure of the present perfect passive voiceThe structure of the present perfect passive voice is: have / has + been + ed 1. 主動語態(tài)即主語為動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)即主語為動作的承受者。現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)同它的主動語態(tài)一樣，強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，但主語為動作的承受者，表示“已經(jīng)被”。The new school has been set up. 新學校已經(jīng)建成了。 2. 現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)的肯定式為：have / has + been + doneThe experiment has been done successfully. 這個實驗做得很成功?，F(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)的否定式為：have / has + not + been + doneToms novel has not been published. 湯姆的小說還沒有被出版。 現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句需將have / has提到主語的前面。Has his bike been repaired? 他的自行車修好了嗎？現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句為：疑問詞 + have / has + been + doneWho has been invited? 誰受到了邀請？ 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表達以下兩個概念：1. 說話時已經(jīng)完成的動作或出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。2. 主語是行為動作的承受者?，F(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)由have/has been+ v-ed構(gòu)成，其中v-ed為過去分詞，表示被動。I have been told about it many times.The bridge has just been built. 在使用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)時要注意以下兩點：1. 過去分詞前有兩個助動詞： have / has和been。2. 必須表示被動。 注意:1. 副詞的位置often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom等副詞置于have / has和been中間。如:誤 Such a man has been hardly believed.正 Such a man has hardly been believed. 2. 并不是所有動詞都有被動語態(tài)(1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物動詞或詞組無被 動語態(tài)。如： 誤 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. (2) open, break, drop等不強調(diào)動作發(fā)出 者時常用主動語態(tài)。3. 短語動詞不可分割或省略其中的介詞 或副詞。如： The patients have been taken good care of. (1) 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。(2) 把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu) (be + 過去分詞) (根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式)。主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法 (3) 把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之 后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。 All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all the people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. (4) 雙賓語動詞變被動語態(tài)可將其中的一 個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z， 另一個保留不動。主動：I have given him the key.被動：He has been given the key.被動：The key has been given (to) him.(5) 帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞變被動語態(tài)時，只 能將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，原來的賓補保留 不動，改稱主語補足語。主動：I have asked her to help you.被動：She has been asked to help you. (1)誤Many new buildings been built since 1980. 正Many new buildings have been built since 1980.分析: 謂語部分結(jié)構(gòu)不全, 時態(tài)部分不完整。試分析： (2)誤Something bad has been happened to him. 正Something bad has happened to him.分析: 被動語態(tài)誤用。happen為不及物動詞，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。(3)誤I have introduced to Mr. Smith. 正I have been introduced to Mr. Smith (by Mr. Wang).分析: introduce為及物動詞，I是introduce的承受者。 (4)誤The door has been opened of itself. 正The door has opened of itself.分析: 有些動詞如open，break，drop等既可以作及物動詞，又可以作不及物動詞，若不強調(diào)誰是動作的發(fā)出者，我們通常用主動語態(tài)。of itself意思是“自動地”，因此，此句不可用被動語態(tài)。 Review現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)肯定結(jié)構(gòu)：have / has + been + done否定結(jié)構(gòu)：have / has + not + been + done Individual activity 1. When and where to go for the on- salary holiday _ yet. A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decidedQuiz I: Multiple choice. 2. Every possible means _ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used 3. All the preparations for the task _ and were ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 4. _ the sports meet might be put off. Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told 5. I got caught in the rain and my suit _. A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined 6. In recent years many football clubs _ as business to make a profit. A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run 7. I like these English songs and they _ many times on the radio. A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught 8. - Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water _. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 9. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised 10. In the last few years thousands of films _ all over the word. A. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced 11. Shakespeares play H amlet _ into at least ten different films over the past years. A. had been made B. was made C. has been made D. would be made Quiz II: Turn the following into the passive voice.1. We have planted some trees around the lake.2. My father has locked the door.3. Someone has turned off the light. Some trees have been planted around the lake.The light has been turned off.The door has been locked. 4. I have finished my homework.5. They have rebuilt the bridge.6. He has repaired the machine for two hours. The bridge has been rebuilt.The machine has been repaired for two hours. My homework has been finished. Quiz III: Put the Chinese into English to complete the sentences.1. You can see the house _ _ (未油漆) for years.2. How many workers _ (已派遣) to build the railway? 3. Why does Mary look so unhappy? She _ (被嘲笑) by her classmates. has not beenpainted have been senthas been laughed at 4. It is said that the house _ _ (闖進了) by two thieves. 5. _ his views _ (受到批 判) by them? 6. The two pens _ (未被拿走) by him. 7. This new type of computer _ _ (設(shè)計) for teachers and students. Have been criticizedhave not been taken away has been designedbroken into has been