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2019-2020年高考英語 沖刺講義五 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 1. 常用?？嫉膭釉~時態(tài)和用法：（以do為例） 名稱 構成 用法 一般現在時 do/does,( 連系動詞is/am/are ) 1.一般現在時表示經常發(fā)生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。 2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,e等少數動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。 There goes the bell.鈴響了。 There es the bus.汽車來了。 Here she es.她來了。 一般過去時 did,( 連系動詞was/were) 表達特定的過去時間內發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內經常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的動作或行為。 現在進行時 is/am/are doing 1.表示正在進行的動作。 2.表示按計劃安排即將發(fā)生的動作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 從明天起他要做老師。 My father is ing to see me this Saturday. 這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。 3.代替一般現在時，描繪更加生動。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 長江江水滾滾向東流。 The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。 過去進行時 was/were doing 1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時進行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發(fā)生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示過去將來動作 He said she was arriving the next day. 現在完成時 has/have done 1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現在產生的影響或結果，說話時已 完成的動作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾經到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時態(tài) 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。不能說：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻譯“他已參軍已經三年了?！笨刹捎? ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延續(xù)法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 過去完成時 had done 1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經完成的動作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到 另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的 過去完成時來表示未實現的希望、打算或意圖。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 將來完成時 will/shall have done 用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短 語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 現在完成進行時 has/have been doing 用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現在（還要繼續(xù)下 去）的動作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 過去完成進行時 had been doing 表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。 一般將來時 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般將來時表示將來要發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀況 （詳見下面2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較） 過去將來時 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相對于過去某一時刻而言即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告訴我他準備回家。 2. would do(表示過去的習慣)總是,總會,常常 He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接連好幾個小時默默地坐著。 2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較 將來時 用 法 例 句 1 be + doing 進行時表將來 go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 2 be about to + 動詞原形 表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 3 be to + 動詞原形 表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 4 一般現在時表將來 時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 3.容易混淆的時態(tài)比較 項 目 區(qū) 別 例 句 一般過去時與現在完成時的比較 現在完成時強調過去動作對現在產生的影響或造成的結果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 說明：說話者強調Jane 目前的狀況. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說明他過去當過木匠不涉及到現在) 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài) Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 說明：didn’t know 強調見面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現在是否記住) 現在完成時與現在完成進行時的比較 著重表示動作的結果時，用現在完成時 I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內容） 著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則用現在完成進行時 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說明：強調動作從過去到現在的延續(xù) 現在進行時與過去進行時的比較 現在進行時表示現在某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; es B. have just helped out; will e C. am just helping out; es D. will just help out; has e 說明：指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作, until 引導的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現在時。 過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情. 一般過去時與過去進行時的比較 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài) Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 說明：slip和notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。 過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 說明：正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫。 II. 動詞的被動語態(tài) 常用被動語態(tài) 構 成 常用被動語態(tài) 構 成 1 一般現在時 am/is/are done 6 過去進行時 was/were being done 2 一般過去時 was/were done 7 現在完成時 have/has been done 3 一般將來時 shall/will be done 8 過去完成時 had been done 4 過去將來時 should/would be done 9 將來完成時 will/would have been done 5 現在進行時 am/is/are being done 10 含有情態(tài)動詞的 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 項 被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be going to, used to,have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 被動語態(tài)的句型 1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主語＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用這種結構不能帶有“by＋施動者” 3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變?yōu)閯泳洌渲髡Z可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。 She lent me a bike.被動：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.雙重被動式：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主動形式常表示被動意義 1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質和狀態(tài)。常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。 These books sell well.這些書好賣。 The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。 The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。 2.一些連系動詞的主動式＋形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況 1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因為反身代詞不可作主語。 2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因為相互代詞不可作主語。 3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him. 因為象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類動賓結構的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her. 因為象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。 含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特別注意以下句子的結構：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)： leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等