xxx 主 動 形 式 被 動 形 式一 般 式 doing being done完 成 式 having done having been done Writing the book has taken up all his spare time. 翻譯: 眼見為實. Seeing is believing. l a. Its no good talking a lot without doing anything.l 對此爭論是浪費時間.l Its a waste of time arguing about it.l b. Theres no joking about such matters.l Theres no saying what hell be doing next.l Theres no telling what hes going to do. l注：與的區(qū)別：l 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象的或泛指的動作，一般不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；l 不定式作主語通常表示具體的動作或行為，往往與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起l Its no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象)l H e realized that to go on like this was no use. (具體)l a. 當表語是動名詞時，主語也要用動名詞； 當表語是不定式時，主語也要用不定式，如： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. l b. 動名詞和不定式作主語，一般都可以使用形式主語，而將動名詞或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用動名詞，不宜用不定式來代替：l Its no use doing l Its no good doing l Its a waste of time doing l Its fun doing 如： Its no use going there today; he wont be at home. Its no good waiting here. Lets walk home. Its great fun sailing a boat. l c. 而在Its important / Its necessary / Its advisable / Its essential 這類句型中，只能用不定式，如：l Its important to learn foreign languages.l 讀許多遍是很有必要的.l Its quite necessary to read it many times. l l H earing the words, she couldnt help thinking of her past bitterness.l我們都回避提及此事.l We all avoided mentioning that matter. 能用動名詞作賓語的動詞有兩類： . 只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞，其中有： avoid, admit, advise, appreciate, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, cant help, imagine, keep (on), dont mind, miss, practise, put off, go on, resist, suggest等，如： I enjoy working with you. 瑪莉正考慮換工作. Mary is considering changing her job. Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow? . 既可以用動名詞，又可以用不定式作賓語的動詞，其中有： begin, continue, forget, hate, like, love, prefer, propose（建議，打算）, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, stop l但是在下列情況下，通常用：l a. 在like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一個特定的新動作時：l I like to buy a suit.l 我不愿意讓他們失望l I hate to disappoint them. l b. 當謂語動詞已用進行時態(tài)時：l The water is beginning / starting to boil.l Im starting to work on my essay next week. l c. 在begin 等后，非限定動詞由某些狀態(tài)動詞構(gòu)成時（即：指心理狀態(tài)或精神活動時）l She began to believe his story.l H e began to realize that he was wrong.l d. 當主語是物，不是人時：l The water started / began to boil.l The ice started / began to melt. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用動名詞的主動式表示被動含義，或用不定式的被動式，意義上無差別。但用動名詞較為普遍，（這時主語一般是物），如： The door needs oiling / to be oiled. l C. 有的動詞盡管可以用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，但意義明顯不同，須認真加以區(qū)別 (mean, remember)l I forgot to close the door before I left the room.l I forgot having closed the door.l H e tried to write better. (盡量努力地寫)l H e tried writing with a brush. (用毛筆試著寫)l I couldnt help finishing it. (不能不結(jié)束某事)l I couldnt help to finish it. (不能幫助結(jié)束某事)l They left off fishing. (停止釣魚)l They left off to fish. (離開某處出發(fā)去釣魚)l I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (對現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示遺憾、抱歉) l I regret not taking your advice. (后悔) 動名詞（短語）還常常跟在短語動詞之后，作介詞的賓語。常見的有：insist on / persist in / think of / dream of / hear of / prevent from / keep from / stop from / feel like / be engaged in / depend on / thank for / excuse for / set about / spend in / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up object to / look forward to / contribute to / devote to / get (be) used to / lead to / 等， 如：l Why do you persist ?l H e insisted .l They all objected .l Are you interested ?l Im thinking .l I dont feel .l She is afraid .l H e finally got tired . l (3) v.+ G erund (object)l v. + object + infinitive (complement) l advise, admit, allow, consider, permit, encourage, forbid, recommendl She recommended us to visit the town of London.l She recommended visiting the town of London. ( ) H e warned me . She left . , she had to take care of the children. H e felt uncomfortable . 如：l Whats their reason ?l H ave you any objection ?l H e has little hope . 如： singing competition swimming pool dining car opening speech drinking cup living room typing paper waiting room writing desk washing machine frying-pan sleeping-pill walking stick teaching method 有時為了明確動名詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，可以在動名詞之前加上一個或，來表示動名詞邏輯上的主語。有時也可以用人稱代詞賓格或名詞普通格，但主要用于中。 She wont hear of . Do you object to ? 作主語： 放在句首作主語應(yīng)該用物主代詞和所有格 was a great encouragement to us. wont be of much help. l 作表語：l Our sole worry is .l Whats troubling them is l 作賓語：l Do you mind ?l Please excuse . l 作介詞賓語：l They insisted on .l Do you think there will be any chance of ? l動名詞的一般形式通常表示一般性動作（即不是明確地在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)戆l(fā)生的動作）或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動作，如：l They are all interested in climbing mountains.l H e took a great delight in helping others. 如：l H e didnt mention having met me.l I regret not having taken her advice.l I dont remember having ever promised you that. 在某些動詞之后（或在成語中）常用（或可以用）動名詞的一般形式表示在謂語動作之前發(fā)生的動作，如：l Excuse me for coming late.l I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere. 如：l This question is far from .l H e did it without .l They insisted on .l H e didnt mind . 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生，有時需要用動名詞的完成被動形式，如： I dont remember