外研必修四第一模塊講義Will Smiles 第一部分：詞匯 1. alternative (1). adj.替換的；其他的；供選擇的e. g. I offered the alternative suggestions of spending the vacation in the mountains or by the sea.我建議這次假期不到山上就到海邊去。In the future, we will use more alternative energy, such as wave power and wind power.將來我們不得不更多的其他能源，如潮汐能和風(fēng)能。If the first plan doesnt work, well have to carry out the alternative one.如果第一計(jì)劃行不通，我們將不得不執(zhí)行代替方案。(2). c. n.選擇；供選擇的東西e. g. He knew he had to work hard: there was no alternative. =He had no alternative but to work hard.他知道他必須努力工作，別無選擇。The school is not far from his home, so he takes the alternative of walking.學(xué)校離他家不遠(yuǎn)，所以他選擇步行。You have the alternative of speaking or of keeping quiet. 你或者發(fā)言或者保持肅靜。It is a reasonable alternative to the present system. 這相對(duì)于現(xiàn)存的制度來說是一個(gè)合理的選擇。構(gòu)詞解析：alternative adj. 替換的；其他的；供選擇的 c. n. 選擇；供選擇的東西; alternatively adv. 供選擇地；代替地2. load (1) c.n.裝載物（量）; 工作量；（精神等方面的）負(fù)擔(dān)，負(fù)荷e. g. He climbed the hill with a heavy load on his back every day.他每天背負(fù)重物爬山。The teachers work load in our school is about 10 hours a day. 我們學(xué)校老師的工作量每天約十個(gè)小時(shí)。The sick child is a heavy load for his father to bear.那個(gè)生病的小男孩讓他的父親心力交瘁。(2). vt.裝；裝載? 常用短語：load with用將裝滿?e. g. They loaded the truck with bananas. (=They loaded bananas onto the truck.)他們用卡車運(yùn)香蕉。The table was loaded with dishes. 桌子上擺滿了菜。構(gòu)詞解析：load c.n. 裝載物（量）; 工作量；（精神等方面的）負(fù)擔(dān)，負(fù)荷 vt. 裝；裝載 loaded adj.裝了貨的；滿載的3. arrest （1）vt.逮捕，扣留；停止，阻止；吸引（注意等）e. g. The police arrested the criminal for selling drugs. 警察因?yàn)樨溬u毒品而逮捕了那個(gè)罪犯。The treatment arrested the growth of the disease. 治療阻止了疾病的發(fā)展。The bright lights arrested the babys attention.鮮艷的顏色吸引了嬰兒的注意力。(2) n. 逮捕? 常用于短語：under arrest 逮捕；拘留e. g. He is under arrest and awaiting trial.他已被逮捕正等候?qū)徟?。?gòu)詞解析：arrest vt. 逮捕，扣留；停止，阻止；吸引（注意等）n. 逮捕 arresting adj.引人注目的；醒目的4. limit(1) c. n.界限；限制? （常用復(fù)數(shù)形式）常見短語：a limit to/on 對(duì)于的限制? set a limit on/to限制? the limit忍耐的極限e. g. There is a limit to what I can do for you. 我能為你做的事是有限度的。The task is too difficult for me. I know my limits.這項(xiàng)任務(wù)對(duì)我來說太困難了，我知道我能力有限。This is the third time in a week that you have been late. -it really is the limit.這是你一周之內(nèi)的第三次遲到了- 實(shí)在令人無法忍受。No smoking will be allowed within a future citys limits.在未來市區(qū)內(nèi)將不準(zhǔn)吸煙。After his fathers death, John spent money without limits. 在他父親死后約翰揮霍無度。(2) vt. to keep within a certain size, amount, number, place etc. 限制；限定e. g. The country made a decision to limit imports of foreign cars. 那個(gè)國家做出決定限制進(jìn)口外國車輛。There are not many eggs. We must limit ourselves to two eggs each. 雞蛋不多。我們每人只能限定吃兩個(gè)。構(gòu)詞解析：limit c. n界限；限制（常用復(fù)數(shù)形式）vt限制；限定; limited adj.有限的；不充分的; limitless adj. 無限制的；無限的; limitation n.限定；限制5. command(1) c. n. & u. n.命令；控制，控制權(quán)；運(yùn)用能力常用短語：under ones command 在某人控制之下? in command 指揮；控制 in command of 指揮；控制 at ones command 隨心所欲的；可供某人使用的e. g. Do it immediately when I give the command. 我一下命令就馬上行動(dòng)。Who is the officer in command here? 這兒誰負(fù)責(zé)？He is in command of the troop. 這個(gè)部隊(duì)由他指揮。Paul has a good command of English. 保爾英語掌握的很好。He has a large amount of money at his command 他有很多錢可以自由支配。(2) vt. vi.命令；指揮；能自由運(yùn)用常見用法：command + 名詞；command + sb. + to do; command +that + 主語+ （should） + doe. g. The teacher commanded silence. 老師要求大家安靜。The police commanded the criminal to stop. 警察命令那個(gè)罪犯停下。His father commanded that he (should) stay at home to study. 他的父親命令他呆在家里學(xué)習(xí)。The company commands considerable human resources.公司擁用可觀的人力資源。注意：command后的that從句要用虛擬語氣，即：主語+ should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省。構(gòu)詞解析：command n命令；控制，控制權(quán)；運(yùn)用能力;? vt. vi. 命令；指揮；能自由運(yùn)用; commander n. 指揮官；司令官；commanding adj.揮揮的；在指揮位置的；有威嚴(yán)的6. switch （1）c. n.開關(guān); 轉(zhuǎn)換; 改變 e. g. There is something wrong with the light switch. 電燈開關(guān)壞了。 The switch to a free market economy will not be easy. 向自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變不容易。 （2）vt. vi. to change or exchange轉(zhuǎn)變，改變,開關(guān)電器 e. g. Lets switch our seats (over). 讓我們交換一下座位吧。 The wind has switched round from north to east. 風(fēng)向從北轉(zhuǎn)向東了。 Wait until the lights have switched to green.等到（交通）燈變綠。 (3) 常見短語 switch on開（電燈等） e. g. When I switched on the light, I found the room had been robbed. 當(dāng)我打開電燈時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)房間被洗劫過了。 switch off關(guān)（電燈等） e. g. Switch off when you have finished using the computer. 用完電腦時(shí)把機(jī)關(guān)上。 switch over交換位置，完全轉(zhuǎn)變，換（電視、收音機(jī)等的）臺(tái) e. g. She switched over from laughing at him to supporting him.她從嘲笑轉(zhuǎn)向支持他。 Im tired of this programme; switch (it) over to the other channel.我厭倦了這種節(jié)目，換個(gè)臺(tái)吧。注意：這三個(gè)短語都可兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞短語; 都可分開使用，如switch on the light即相當(dāng)于switch the light on; 當(dāng)賓語為代詞時(shí)，要放在它們的中間，如switch it over。構(gòu)詞解析switch c. n.開關(guān); 轉(zhuǎn)換; 改變vt. vi. 轉(zhuǎn)變，改變, 開關(guān)電器 switchboard n.電話總機(jī)；交換臺(tái); switchman n. 扳道工 7. attach vt.系；貼；連接；認(rèn)為；賦予（重要性）；歸結(jié)于; 屬于常用搭配：attach sth. to sth.e .g He attached a stamp to the envelope and mailed it. 他在信封上貼上郵票然后寄出去。The boat was attached to the tree with a rope. 那只船被用繩子拴在樹上。She attaches great importance to regular exercise. 她認(rèn)為定時(shí)鍛煉很重要。The school is attached to Beijing Normal University. 這所學(xué)校附屬于北師大。be attached to喜愛；依戀e. g. He is deeply attached to the old computer.他非常愛惜那臺(tái)舊電腦。I am strongly attached to my grandmother. 我深深地依戀我的祖母。構(gòu)詞解析attach vt. 系；貼；連接；認(rèn)為；賦予（重要性）；歸結(jié)于; attachment n. 安裝；附屬；附屬品；眷戀8. predict vt. 預(yù)言；預(yù)報(bào)e. g. He predicted that I would be a very rich man in the future. 他預(yù)言我將來會(huì)成為一個(gè)很富有的人。Is it possible to predict when one will die? 有可能預(yù)言人的死期嗎？Most economists(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家) predicted an increase in the countrys economy.大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)言這個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)增長。構(gòu)詞解析predict vt. 預(yù)言；預(yù)報(bào); predictable adj. 可預(yù)言的；可預(yù)測的；predictably adv. 可預(yù)言地；果如預(yù)料地; prediction n. 預(yù)言；預(yù)報(bào)8. shape (1) c. n. & u. n.;形狀；資態(tài)；情況e. g. Supermarkets have plastic bags of different sizes and shapes. 超市有各種尺寸和形狀的塑料袋。A hill in Suzhou looks like a lion in shape. 蘇州的一座小山看起來像獅子。The patient was in good shape then. 病人那時(shí)身體狀況很好。常見短語take shape to develop towards completion (思想等)成形；具體化e. g. An idea slowly took shape in his mind. 一個(gè)想法慢慢在他腦海里形成了。（2）vt. to make for form使成形;；影響e. g. Thebird shaped its nest from mud and sticks. = The bird shaped the mud and sticks into a nest. 那只鳥用用濕泥和樹枝筑巢。The building is shaped like a huge bird nest. 那座建筑形狀像是一個(gè)巨大的鳥巢。Peoples political beliefs are often shaped by what they read in the newspapers.人們的政治信仰通常是通過他們?cè)趫?bào)紙上所讀的東西形成的。構(gòu)詞解析shape n. ;形狀；資態(tài)；情況 vt. 使成形; shapeless adj. 沒有形狀的；難看的；shapelessly adv. 難看地；shapely adj.（尤指女人的體形）好看的；姿態(tài)曼妙的第二部分：課文 1. No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business.沒有人確切地知道，而且預(yù)測是一件冒險(xiǎn)的事。 for sure certainly 肯定地 e. g. No one knows for sure what will happen in the future.沒有人確切地知道明天會(huì)發(fā)生什么.We will win, thats for sure. 我們會(huì)贏，這是一定的。 2. In the future, care for the environment will become very important as earths natural resources run out.在未來，愛護(hù)環(huán)境將會(huì)非常重要， 因?yàn)榈厍虻淖匀毁Y源面臨枯竭。 （1）care u. n. care在此處用作不可數(shù)名詞， 其作名詞時(shí)的意義和用法如下： 照料,注意,煩惱, 憂慮, 由.轉(zhuǎn)交 常用短語： take care 小心；保重；take care of 照料；照顧；注意； care of (郵件)由轉(zhuǎn)交 e. g. Take care not to drop the glass. 注意不要把杯子掉在地上。 Whos taking care of the baby while you are all away? 你們都外出時(shí)誰來照料嬰兒？ He handled the box with care, because he was afraid to break the vase in it.他小心地搬運(yùn)箱里，怕打碎里面的花瓶。 Care killed a cat. （諺語）憂慮傷身。 The new teacher was worried by all the cares of the class.那位新老師因班級(jí)的各種瑣事而煩惱。 Address my letter in care of Wang Peng. 我的郵件請(qǐng)由王朋轉(zhuǎn)交。 （2）run out（某物）用完；耗盡; (合同等)到期? 為不及物動(dòng)詞短語，無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 e. g. Have you finished? Time is running out.做完了嗎？ 快沒有時(shí)間了。 Our petrol has run out. 我們的汽油已用完了。 辨析：run out/ run out ofrun out是不及物動(dòng)詞短語，其后不可接賓語，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)；run out of 為及物動(dòng)詞，其后可接賓語，有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，相當(dāng)于use up。 e. g. Earths natural resources are running out. 地球的自然資源將要用光了。 We are running our of earths natural resources.我們快要把地球的自然資源用盡了。 Their water ran out soon. 他們的水很快用光了。 Their water was soon run out of.他們的水很快（被）用光了。 3. We will also have to rely on alternative energy, such as solar and wind power.我們也不得不依賴其他能源，如太陽能和風(fēng)能。 rely on/upon to trust; depend on 信任；依賴 常見用法： rely on sth./sb. 依賴；依靠；相信 rely on (sb.) doing.指望，依靠；相信（某人）會(huì)rely on sb. to do sth. 指望，依靠；相信某人會(huì)rely on it that相信（某事會(huì)） e. g. You may not rely on the weather report. 天氣預(yù)報(bào)不足為信。 Dont rely on the bank lending you the money. 別指望銀行會(huì)借錢給你。 You can rely on me to help you. (=You can rely on me for help) 你可以依靠我的幫助。 You may rely on it that he will do a good job of it.放心好了，他會(huì)做好這件事的。 They rely on the river for their water. 他們用水依賴那條河。 4. To get rid of garbage problems, the city will load huge spaceships with waste materials and send them towards the sun, preventing landfill and environmental problems.為解決垃圾問題，城市將把廢物裝進(jìn)巨大的宇宙飛船，然后把它們送往太陽， 以避免出現(xiàn)垃圾填埋問題和環(huán)境問題。 get rid of to free oneself from sth. unwanted; to drive, send, throw, or give away or destroy除掉；處理掉；擺脫掉 e. g. These flies are so annoying. Lets get rid of them.這些蒼蠅真煩人。消滅它們。 To get rid of garbage is a big problem in many cities. 在很多城市，清理垃圾都是一個(gè)大問題。 I havent gotten rid of my nasty cold yet.我的重感冒還沒好。 5. In the future all shopping will be done online, and catalogues will have voice commands to place orders.在未來，所有的購物都將在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行，而且（商品）目錄將通過語音指令訂購。 place orders make orders訂購 e. g. Our school has placed a large order for Founder Computer.我們學(xué)校已訂購了大批方正電腦。 I placed an order for a newspaper to be delivered daily. 我訂了一份報(bào)紙，他們每天給我送。 5. In the future all shopping will be done online, and catalogues will have voice commands to place orders.在未來，所有的購物都將在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行，而且（商品）目錄將通過語音指令訂購。 place orders make orders訂購 e. g. Our school has placed a large order for Founder Computer.我們學(xué)校已訂購了大批方正電腦。 I placed an order for a newspaper to be delivered daily. 我訂了一份報(bào)紙，他們每天給我送。 6. All forms of recreation, such as cinemas, bowling, softball, concerts and others will be provided free of charge by the city.所有的娛樂形式，如電影，保齡球，壘球，音樂會(huì)及其他等等都將由城市免費(fèi)提供。 free of charge at no cost 免費(fèi) e. g. Your order will be delivered free of charge within a ten-mile limit.你訂購的產(chǎn)品在十英里范圍內(nèi)免費(fèi)送貨。 All the brochures are given away free of charge. 所有的小冊(cè)子都是免費(fèi)贈(zèng)送的。 拓展： for free 免費(fèi) e. g. You can visit the garden for free after 6 p.m.下午六點(diǎn)以后，你可以免費(fèi)參觀這個(gè)公園。 7. Distance surgery will become common as doctors carry out operations from thousands of miles away, with each city having its own telesurgery outpatient clinic.隨著每個(gè)城市擁有自己的遠(yuǎn)程門診部，醫(yī)生將能在數(shù)千里以外實(shí)施手術(shù)，遠(yuǎn)程手術(shù)將變的非常普通。 (1) carry out執(zhí)行；實(shí)施；完成（計(jì)劃，實(shí)驗(yàn)等）；履行（義務(wù)，職責(zé)等） e. g. A survey is now being carried out nationwide. 一項(xiàng)調(diào)查正在全國范圍內(nèi)展開。 This plan sounds good. But its very hard to carry out in practice.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃聽起來很好。但實(shí)際執(zhí)行起來很困難。 By the end of last month, our factory had carried out its production plan for this year.到上月底，我們廠已完成了今年的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。 As a monitor, you should carry out your duty and help teachers to have discipline in the class.作為班長，你應(yīng)當(dāng)履行你的職責(zé)，幫老師維持課堂紀(jì)律。 拓展 carry on繼續(xù) e. g. We can carry on our discussion after lunch.我們可以在午飯后繼續(xù)討論。 Even after the bell for class ran, they carried on talking, which made the teacher very angry.甚至在上課鈴響后他們?nèi)岳^續(xù)講話，這使得老師很生氣。 carry away拿走；沖走；使失去理智；迷住 e. g. Marry was so carried away when arguing with her husband that she hit him.瑪麗在和她的丈夫爭吵時(shí)喪失了理智，以至于打了他。 I got carried away by the beauty of the music. 我被這美麗的音樂迷住了。 (2). with each city having its own telesurgery outpatient clinic為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用作伴隨狀語。其構(gòu)成為：with + 賓語+ 賓補(bǔ)（現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞知短語， 不定式等） e. g. He lay still on the floor, with his dog sleeping beside him.他靜靜地躺在地板上，他的狗睡在旁邊。 He went out, without a word spoken.他出去了，一句話也不說。 Dont speak with your mouth full.滿嘴食物時(shí)不要說話。 What a lonely world it would be with you away.沒有你在身邊，這個(gè)世界將會(huì)多么寂寞啊。 He was standing there with his hands in his pockets.他站在那兒，兩手插在布袋里。 8. for a start首先e. g. It wont wok: for a start, it would take too long, and secondly it would cost too much. 它不會(huì)有效果的；首先，它將花費(fèi)很長時(shí)間，其次，它的代價(jià)太高。Tom should not be sent to carry out the task, for a start he hasnt had enough experience.湯姆不應(yīng)當(dāng)被派去執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)任務(wù)，首先他沒有足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。10. Not all predictions come true.并不是所有的預(yù)言都能成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。not 與all, every, both連用時(shí)，表示部分否定，而非全部否定。e. g. Not all students are good in English. 并不是所有的學(xué)生英語都好。Not all the people present at the meeting supported his plan.(=All the people present at the meeting didnt support his plan. )并不是所有出席會(huì)議的人都支持他的計(jì)劃。注意：無論not位于句首還是句中，都表示部分否定。表示全部否定，需用none, neither。e. g. None of them liked the movie.他們都不喜歡這部電影。第三部分：語法 本模塊的語法是將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。下面我們就將對(duì)其用法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)探究。 1. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的句型結(jié)構(gòu) will/shall + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 shall用于第一人稱I和we，will可用于各人稱。而在美式英語中所有人稱都用will。 2. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 (1). 表示在將來某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與at 7 oclock tonight, next year, by this time tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語連用。有時(shí)沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語。 e. g. I will be studying in America next year. 我明年將在美國學(xué)習(xí)。 By this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach. 明天這個(gè)時(shí)間，我會(huì)正躺在沙灘上。 We shall be working in a big modern office building. 我們將在一個(gè)很大的現(xiàn)代化辦公樓里工作。 (2) 表已經(jīng)決定或安排好要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。 e. g. We shall be meeting in Carrifour at 6 oclock this afternoon. 我們定于今天下午六點(diǎn)在家樂福見面。 Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow.湯姆明天將于機(jī)場為他的朋友送行。 (3) 預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，表將來的某種可能性。 e. g. If we keep working hard like this, we will be making a miracle. 如果我們繼續(xù)這樣努力工作的話，我們會(huì)創(chuàng)造奇跡的。 (4) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)除表示未來以外，還可表示親切或委婉的語氣。 e. g. I shall be thinking of you. 我會(huì)想你的。 Will you be staying here long? 你會(huì)在長時(shí)間呆這兒嗎？ 辨析：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)/將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 兩者都可以用來表將來的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用于表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來的動(dòng)作，而且有確定的時(shí)間，而將來進(jìn)行時(shí)則可以和確定的時(shí)間狀語連用，也可以不用，既可以表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來的動(dòng)作，也可以表示較遠(yuǎn)的將來的動(dòng)作。 e. g. We are meeting him tomorrow/ We will be meeting him tomorrow.我們明天將會(huì)見到他。 We will be meeting him next year. 我們明年將會(huì)見到他。（注意此句不可用進(jìn)行時(shí)，因?yàn)槊髂晔禽^遠(yuǎn)的將來時(shí)間） 第 14 頁 共 14 頁