2014年職稱英語考前壓題(1) 天宇考王職稱英語理工類 理工A第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 developmentShe warns thatmany of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely sufferfrom the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to3emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are knownto affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents." Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findingshighlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential8associated with climate include storm surges andprolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat9paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causingwidespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods thatmay10basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses,Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They dont emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many localgovernmentsare takinga handsoffapproach.” Thus, she urges them tochangetheir 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.1A carry alongB carried awayC carried outD carried back2A economicB industrialCruralD urban3A reduceB increaseC studyD measure4A cropsB gasesC fruitsD Plant55A educateB evaluateC protectD identify6A doubtfulB possibleC repeatableD major7A usesB chancesC curesD benefits8A threatsB interestsC functionsD differences9A locallyB heavilyC suddenlyD mildlyl0A provideB improveC lackD update11A withoutB withC inD on12AmoreoverB thereforeC howeverD though13A other thanB more thanC less thanD rather than14A trainBautomobileCbusDbike15A idleB smartC busyD secure答案與題解：1. C 本題的答案是carried out（執(zhí)行；完成）?！癆 new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運走）和carried back（運回）與下文的意思搭配不上。2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對城市的影響及其應對措施，并沒有涉及economic （經(jīng)濟的）、industrial （工業(yè)的）和rural （農(nóng)村的）的話題。所以，這三個選項不可能是答案，urban才是答案。3.A前面一句談到，發(fā)展中國家的飛速成長的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句的意思，大多數(shù)城市沒有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個選項中，要選reduce。4. B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有greenhouse gases （溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。5. C 城市應該采取有效的措施應對氣候變化。采取措施的目的當然是為了保護城市居民?？墒荓ankao 發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。6.D前面說到大多數(shù)城市沒有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這說明“Cities are majorsources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來源），不會是doubtful sources （不能確定的來源）, possible sources（可能的來源），更不會是repeatable sources（不斷重復的來源）。7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進行政策介入以降低居民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會帶來立即的和長期的益處。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。8.A 由climate change 引發(fā)的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。interests 、functions 和differences 這三個詞與storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的傷害掛不上號，不會是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對城市居民會構成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。9. B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對城市居民造成的傷害超過對其周邊地區(qū)居民造成的傷害？因為城市道路是大量鋪設瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個選項不符合上述意思。10.C 貧窮社區(qū)更易受到傷害，句子給出有關基礎設施的各個方面。貧窮社區(qū)的基礎設施一定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack。11.A貧窮國家許多人住在不符合標準的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic services 這些基礎設施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會享有這些基礎設施。所以選without 比較合理。12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說的是氣候變化給城鎮(zhèn)居民帶來的種種問題。下文說的是地方政府應該采取相應的對策以保護城鎮(zhèn)居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關系，所以要選therefore。13.D rhetoric responses （言辭反應，即用言語予以搪塞的反應）和meaningful responses （有意義的反應）是兩種截然不同的反應。地方政府的反應是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特別是a hands-off approach，說明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningfulresponses 。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中的“emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運輸工具不會是大眾交通工具，因此選項中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅(qū)動，不會釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽車排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改變的一定是他們無所作為（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 ina newstudy Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 .In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 acheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same9as a fast food meal increases it.”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets asthey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis saidWhen people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal1A changeB chargeC chain D chance2A trustB decideCsuggest Dcalculate3AnumberBamountCvolume D product4AfrequencyB treatmentC diagnosis Drisk5A severeBenoughC weak D active6A buyingB preparingC eatingD cooking7AunhealthyBstrongC different D doubtful8AexaminationBsufferingC determination D possibility9A degreeB dimensionC angle D range10A useB hateC reject D like11A transportedB providedC preserved Dconvened12AcookB patientCcustomer Dvisitor1 3AmeasuresBcareCadvantages D turns14A buyingB wearingC cleaning D changing1 5A increasingBfindingC lowering D taking答案與題解：1. B本文介紹說，吃漢堡包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的風險，一正一負正好抵消。statin 價格便宜，文章建議快餐店像免費供應調(diào)味品那樣免費供應statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意為“免費”。選擇charge 是對的。2. C 本題要選suggest ，因為其他三個選項在意思上都不合適。此外，本句主句的謂語動詞用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest 是個不二的選擇。3.B 與降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product （乘積）。4.D從上下文判斷，要降低（lower）的當然是risk。lower frequency（降低頻率）、lowertreatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis （降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。5. B 本句表達的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的論文中說，經(jīng)過計算，一粒statin 降低心臟病發(fā)作的風險足以抵消吃一個奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心臟病的風險。所以本題的答案是enough。6. C 顧客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buyingcheeseburger不會增加心臟病風險。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本題的答案。8.D本句中的in terms of 意為“就而言”，要與后半句“一正一負相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。9. A本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風險與快餐增加的心臟病的風險在程度（degree）上大致相當。如果選擇其他三個選項，意思變成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范圍（range）上大致相當”，就說不通了。1O.D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點是：顧客可以隨心所欲地免費享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜歡”。所以，like 是答案。其余三個選項用在本句中都不合適。11.B transported （運輸）、preserved （保存）或converted （轉換）填人句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人當然是customer。13.A 為了降低開車和吸煙的風險，人們被鼓勵要采取一些安全措施。作者借此說明為了降低食用快餐的風險，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。takemeasure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三個選項都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“輪流，依次”。14.B 本題很明顯要選wearing，因為上下文的意思是“系上安全帶”。buying a seatbelt,cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠。15. C通篇文章都在闡述statin能降低患心臟病的風險。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to 1 people frequently. But these fish2 perform a 2 service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5 their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immune 12 against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the worlds 14 . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.1. A attack B meet C love D visit 2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible 3. A source B existence C friends D fish 4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth 5. A because B since C because of D by reason that 6. A whose B which C that D where 7. A to B for C like D with 8. A times B places C seas D oceans 9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics 10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes 11. A those B these C another D other 12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles 13. A recover B reform C return D rely 14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains 15. A weak B little C few D great答案與題解： 1A 本題應選擇 attack，因為第一句說到：人們認為鯊魚是 a deadly enemy，也就是說鯊魚會對人類造成傷害。第二句是對 deadly enemy的具體說明。其他的三個選項 meet，love，visit都不合適， love與上下文意思相反， meet和 visit與上下文意思不符。 2C 空格 2所在的句子由 but連接，所以該句子表達的意思一定與第二句相反。第二句對鯊魚的評價是負面的，填入空格 2的詞應該是正面的。四個選項中只有 valuable符合這一條件，所以是答案。 3B 第三句說到鯊魚有益于 “waters and human beings”，第五句又說到鯊魚瀕臨滅絕的危險。根據(jù)上下文的意思，threatening（威脅）到它們的應該是 existence（生存）。其他的三個選項 source，friends，fish都不合適，與上下文意思沒有聯(lián)系。 4D 如果鯊魚消失，從什么地方消失呢 ?當然從 earth（地球）上消失。從 space（宇宙空間）、 sky（天空）中消失，或從 land（陸地）上消失，都有悖常理。 5C 四個選項的意思都是 “因為“，但是從用法上分析， because、since和 by reason that之后要接句子， because of之后接名詞或名詞短語。 their warm waters是名詞短語，所以要選用 because of。 6D “ people also swim”明顯是定語從句，其先行詞是表示地點的名詞 area，所以要選關系副詞 where。 7B 從上下文判斷，本句的意思是：鯊魚將人錯認為是海洋動物。而“將錯認為是 ”的英語表達是 mistake for，所以本題的答案是選項 B。 8A 本段的意思是：鯊魚并非故意襲擊人類。人們認為，由于鯊魚將人錯認為是海獅等海洋動物，在饑餓時才襲擊人類。日出和日落時，正是鯊魚饑腸轆轆的時候，人們不應該出海游泳?？崭?8填入的詞應該與時間有關，所以 times是答案，而與地點有關的選項（ places seas和 oceans）與上下文意思脫節(jié)。 9C 本段第一、二句是說，鯊魚的嗅覺特別靈敏，能嗅到海水中存在的極為微量的氣味。作者舉了三個物質(zhì)：血、體液和化學品?？崭?9要填入表示物質(zhì)的名詞。四個選項中惟一表達物質(zhì)的詞是 chemicals（化學品）。所以 chemicals是答案，而其它三個選項與學科有關，脫離了上下文的意思，不是本題的答案。 10B 在第一、二句意思的基礎上，作者進一步說明，靈敏的嗅覺有助于鯊魚找到食物。所以本題的答案是選項 D的 senses，因為 feelings，touches和 tastes都與 smells無關。 11D 本句的中心詞是復數(shù)的 sharks，another所修飾的名詞一般是單數(shù)，所以不會是答案。 these和 those是表特指的代詞，指代前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞。由于前面沒有先行詞，所以也不可能是答案。剩下的 other是答案， any other sharks的說法也合乎英語的用法。 12A 從上下文判斷，醫(yī)學研究人員想要更多了解的是 “身體抗病 system（系統(tǒng)） ”，不會是 “身體抗病 idea（思想）”、“身體抗病工作（ work）”或“身體抗病 circle（周期） ”。 13A 本段昀后一句的意思是：醫(yī)學研究人員研究鯊魚的目的是為了找到一種人類抗病的方法。所以空格 l3所在句子的意思應該是 recover（quickly from injuries）?？茖W家想要探索的應該是有關受傷鯊魚 recover quickly from injuries的秘密，而 reform（改造）、 return（回歸）和 rely（依靠）只是與答案 recover詞形上有點相似而已，其意思與上下文的意思風馬牛不相及。 14B 從上下文判斷，鯊魚的存在能使 oceans得益。鯊魚不生活在 rivers、forests或 mountains中，所以，這三個選項不會是答案。 15D 本段的其余三句都是說明為什么鯊魚有益于海洋。它們吃海洋動物，結果使得海洋中的動物數(shù)量不會過多。 weak、little、few都與上面表達的意思相反，所以，只有 great是答案。第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows."Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9."Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground.1.Ainternal B. different C. difficult D. widespread2.Avolume B. length C. extent D. width3.Afunction B. repair C. build D. remove4.Adurability B. strength C. ability D. property5.Aascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.Ashorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.Awhen B. what C. how D. which8.Aoccasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently9.Adevelopment B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition10.Aunless B. until C. after D. before 11.Afindings B. locations C. events D. sources12.Adelivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.Anear B. from C. inside D. over 14.Aprevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect15.Astyles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案與題解：1.D前文說到日本的俯沖帶地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到達一個significant level。根據(jù)上述描述，選widespread（分布廣泛的）修飾severity是正確的。其他三個選項與severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C 本句由but連接并列的兩個分句組成。第一個分句說以前也發(fā)生過地震引發(fā)的砂土液化的現(xiàn)象，但涉及范圍較小。第二個分句通過but語氣一轉，說這次地震造成的破壞是罕見的。很顯然，選extent(程度)與distance（距離，范圍）合用說明破壞的程度和范圍是符合上下文的意思的。3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to”中，"these communities need to.”是定語從句，指代utilities和infrastructure的關系代詞which在定語從句中起賓語作用，被省略了。need后面的動詞不定式的邏輯主語是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。從意思上看，這些社區(qū)需要這些公用事業(yè)設備和基礎設施起功能作用（function)。選function是對的。其他選項都不合適。4.B 浸了水的砂土，特別是新近的沉積土、沙土等失去的不會是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不會是泛泛的property（性質(zhì)），而是strength（強度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土強度降低或消失。砂土隨水流動，就會引發(fā)建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再發(fā)展下去，建筑物就會倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若選擇ascend（上升）、compact(壓實)或recover（復原），意思與上文接不上。6.A 地震持續(xù)的時間一般為數(shù)十秒。這次日本地震的時間長達5分鐘。所以本題要填入的詞應該是shorter，說明大多數(shù)地震的持續(xù)時間比它短。7.C 從意思上看，選how是正確的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明顯不通。8.D 第三段第二句出現(xiàn)“particularly recent sediment"。recent sediment浸水后就失去了強度。這提示了本題要選recently，因為建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到傷害的。9.B 分析日本大地震得出的數(shù)據(jù)不會令科學家獲得有關soil development（土壤發(fā)展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤構成）這些方面的知識。若選phenomenon，意思就是科學家的研究分析有助于他們了解到土壤浸水后的這類現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對付未來可能發(fā)生的同類現(xiàn)象。上下文意思很連貫，因此phenomenon是正確的選項。1O.D 選unless、until或after都不合邏輯。本題句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場就被破壞了。所以科學家要趕在重建工作開始之前收集好地震資料。before是答案。11.C 本句的意思是：科學家無疑會從日本大地震中學到不少東西，從而有助于減低今后發(fā)生類似的地震時的風險。四個選項中只有events合適。similar events指的是“類似的地震事件”。若選findings（調(diào)查結果）、locations（地點）或sources（來源），句子的意思就不對。12.B 本句解釋“young”這個詞在地質(zhì)學中的含義。句中的those指代sediments。"young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超過一萬年的sediments。deposit是“沉積”，與句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三個選項，詞義離題很遠，只是詞形與deposit有點相似，起干擾作用而已，它們不是答案。13.A 上一段說，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危對象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正確的選擇應該是near，靠近河流和原洪泛區(qū)的土壤才是危險地區(qū)。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危橋的目的是為了防止坍塌。選項prevent是