Compiled by Ma Junqi倒裝句英語句子的主語通常位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前，這種語序被稱為正常語序。但有時(shí)出于強(qiáng)調(diào)或某種特殊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，需要將謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語之前，這種語序則叫倒裝語序。按倒裝的形式，倒裝可分為兩類，一是完全倒裝，二是部分倒裝。完全倒裝是指全部謂語放在主語之前，部分倒裝是指只把助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞放在主語之前，謂語的主體部分仍在主語之后。一、完全倒裝1. 用于 there be 句型。例：There are many students in the classroom.原句自然順序是：Many students are there in the classroom.2. 表示地點(diǎn)的here和there位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝形式。這類倒裝句的謂語通常是動(dòng)詞be和come, go等表示移動(dòng)或動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞，以及stand, lie, live等表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(表示存在)。例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來了。There goes the last train. 最后一班火車開走了。There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墻放著一張書桌。注意：若主語為人稱代詞，則不倒裝。如：Here you are. 這就是你要的東西。（給你。）Here it comes. 它來了。3. 表示方向的副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝語序。這類倒裝句的謂語通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞。Out rushed the puppy. 小狗沖了出去。Away went the girl. 那個(gè)女孩走遠(yuǎn)了。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，傘都撐起來了。注：若主語為人稱代詞，則不能用倒裝。如：In he comes. 他走了進(jìn)來。Down it came.它掉了下來。4. 表示時(shí)間或順序的副詞now, then 等位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝語序。這類倒裝句的謂語通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞。如：Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。Then came a new difficulty. 這時(shí)又產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)新的困難。5. 當(dāng)句首狀語是表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)，也常引起全部倒裝。South of the city lies the factory. 工廠位于城市南部。From the valley came a frightening sound. 一個(gè)令人害怕的聲音從村子里傳了出來。Under the tree stands a little boy. 一個(gè)小男孩站在樹下。6. 表語置于句首時(shí)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)采用“表語連系動(dòng)詞主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)1)形容詞連系動(dòng)詞主語Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 出席本次會(huì)議的有懷特教授、史密斯教授和其他各位嘉賓。2) 分詞連系動(dòng)詞主語Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他們想做什么就做什么的日子過去了。Attending the meeting was Mr. Black. 布萊克先生出席了本次會(huì)議。3) 介詞連系動(dòng)詞主語 Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 商品中有圣誕樹、花、蠟燭和玩具。Among them was my friend Jim. 他們當(dāng)中就有我的朋友吉姆。注：在表語置于句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意其中的謂語應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致，而不是與位于句首的表語保持一致。In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只貓。In the box were two cats. 箱子里是兩只貓。7. 使用完全倒裝以保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語，或?yàn)榱耸股舷挛慕Y(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡8. 在直接引語全部或部分置于句首時(shí)，引用動(dòng)詞和它的主語（名詞）往往要倒裝。主語是代詞時(shí)一般不倒裝?！癥ouve made great progress this term.”said the teacher.“Tom”,said his father, “ You shouldnt make friends with such boys!”“Lets go,” said the man / he said.二、部分倒裝1. 用于疑問句。例：Do you speak English?2. 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞含有 were, should, had 時(shí)，可省略 if ，并將 were, should, had置于句首。例：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.Had it rained yesterday, the crops would have been saved.Were it to rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.Should it rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.注：若條件從句為否定句，否定詞not應(yīng)置于主語之后，而不能與were, should, had 等縮略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。如：Were it not for your help, I wouldnt be doing so well.若不是你幫忙，我現(xiàn)在不會(huì)干得這樣好。3. 用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞) as (though)” 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。例：Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 盡管她很漂亮，但她不聰明。Try as he would, he might fail again. 無論他嘗試了多少次，總會(huì)失敗。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 盡管他是一個(gè)孩子，他卻知道很多知識(shí)。（要特別注意位于句首的名詞前習(xí)慣上不用冠詞，即使其前有形容詞修飾也不用冠詞）Much as I have travelled, I have never seen such a beautiful place. 我旅游那么多次，卻從未見過如此美麗的地方。Successful as he is, he is not proud.他雖然成功，但不驕傲。Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you.我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。Fast as you read, you cant finish the book in two days.盡管你讀得很快，你總不能在兩天之內(nèi)就讀完這本書。4. 用于No sooner than / Hardly when / Scarcelywhen 和 Not until的句型中。No sooner had she gone out than the class began. 她剛走出去課就開始了。No sooner had I got into the house than the phone rang.我剛進(jìn)屋，電話鈴就響了。Hardlyhad they reachedEdinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. 他們剛到達(dá)愛丁堡就被命令返回倫敦。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老師回來他才完成了作業(yè)。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 直到孩子睡著了母親才離開房間。5. 當(dāng) never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, at no time, in no case, by no means, on no condition, on no accounts, under no circumstances, not only, barely, rarely, little, not a bit等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首，則其后要用部分倒裝。例：Never shall I do this again. 我再也不會(huì)這么做了。At no time can you say “no” to the order. 你絕不可以對任何命令說“不”。Seldom does he read in his free hours.他空余時(shí)間很少看書。By no means should he be left alone.絕不能把他單獨(dú)留下。Hardly could the old man stand on his feet in the strong wind.老人在這陣狂風(fēng)中幾乎站不住了。Never will you achieve anything if you spend your time that way.你若總是這樣消磨時(shí)間，就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有所成就。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。In no case should you give up.你絕不能放棄。On no accounts can my name be mentioned to anyone.我的名字是絕不能向任何人提起的。Little did they know they were to be reunited ten years later.他們簡直想不到10年后竟又能團(tuán)聚。Nowhere is drug abuse more of a problem than in the US. 沒有什么地方吸毒問題比美國更嚴(yán)重。注：in no time (立即，馬上)位于句首時(shí)，其后無需用倒裝語序，因?yàn)樵摱陶Z并不表示否定意義。須十分注意in no time和at no time的區(qū)別。如：In no time he worked out the problem.他馬上就算出了那道題。6. 當(dāng)狀語受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時(shí)，其后通常要用部分倒裝的形式。例：Only in this way can we live a happy life.只有這樣，我們才能快樂地生活。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí)，才知道出了什么事。Only then did I realize the importance of study. 到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)的重要。Only by working hard can you achieve success. 只有努力工作才能成功。Only when the class began did he realize he had left the book at home. 上課的時(shí)候他才意識(shí)到他把書丟在家里了。7. so / neither / nor 表示前面所說的情況也適合于后者時(shí)（意思為“也”），用“so / neither / nor+助動(dòng)詞+主語”這樣的倒裝句式 (so用于前后為肯定的情況，neither / nor用于前后為否定的情況)。如：He can sing English songs and so can I. 他會(huì)唱英語歌，我也會(huì)。He didnt see the film, and neither did I. 他沒有看這部電影，我也沒有看。She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她媽媽年輕時(shí)也很美。注：注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語+特殊動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。如：“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷?！薄暗拇_很冷?！薄癋ather, you promised.” “Well, so I did.” “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過的。”“嗯，是答應(yīng)過?！薄癏e studies very hard.” “Yes, so he did and so did you.” “他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。”“是的，他的確學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦，你學(xué)習(xí)也很刻苦?！?. 在 so / such that 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，若so / such置于句首，則句子部分倒裝。例：So difficult a problem is it that I cant work it out. 這個(gè)問題太難了，我解決不了。Such a noble person is he that people all respect him. 他是一個(gè)非常高尚的人，人們都尊敬他。9. 當(dāng)however, no matter how引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，常把however / no matter how + 形容詞 / 副詞放在句首，此時(shí)主謂不倒裝。例：However difficult the work is, I will finish it. 無論工作有多難，我都會(huì)完成。However much the book costs, I will buy it. 無論這本書多貴，我都會(huì)買。10. 用于某些祝愿的句子。例：May you succeed. 祝你成功。