DM相關英文詞匯小結1. Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病2. hyperglycemia高血糖3. abnormalities異常4. insulin secretion胰島素分泌5. insulin sensitivity胰島素敏感性6. microvascular complications微血管并發(fā)癥7. macrovascular complications 大血管并發(fā)癥8. neuropathic complications神經并發(fā)癥9. ensue出現、發(fā)生10.immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic -cells免疫介導的胰島細胞損傷11. long preclinical period亞臨床期長12. transient remission疾病短暫好轉13. honeymoon phase蜜月期14. autoantibodies自身抗體15. islet cell antibody胰島細胞抗體17. insulin antibodies 胰島素抗體18. lipolysis脂肪分解19. free fatty acid production游離脂肪酸生成20. increased hepatic glucose production肝糖生成增加21.decreased skeletal muscle uptake of glucose肌肉組織對葡萄糖攝取下降22. a diabetogenic lifestyle (excessivecalories, inadequate exercise, and obesity)易導致糖尿病的生活方式（能量過度攝入、鍛煉不足、肥胖）23. superimposed upon 協同24. a susceptible genotype易感基因25. glucocorticoids 糖皮質激素26. pentamidine噴他脒27. niacin煙酸28. -interferon-干擾素29. Impaired fasting glucose，IFG空腹血糖受損（5.66.9 mmol/L）30. impaired glucose tolerance，IGT糖耐量受損（7.811.0 mmol/L）31. retinopathyDM視網膜病變32. neuropathyDM神經病變33. nephropathyDM腎病34. coronary heart disease冠心病35. stroke中風36. peripheral vascular disease外周血管病變37. prone to develop diabetic ketoacidosis自發(fā)酮癥傾向38. severe stress嚴重應激39. insulin counterregulatory hormones胰島素對抗激素40. asymptomatic無癥狀41. unrelated blood testing隨機血糖42. Lethargy無精打采43. polyuria多尿44. nocturia夜尿45. polydipsia煩渴46. Hemoglobin A1C（glycosylated hemoglobin）糖化血紅蛋白（6.5%為診斷標準）46. Fasting plasma glucose空腹血糖（126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)為診斷標準）47. oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)口服糖耐量檢測48. 75 g anhydrous glucose75g無水葡萄糖（折合82.5g一水葡萄糖）49. Two-hour plasma glucose 2小時血糖（200 mg/dL (111.1 mmol/L)為診斷標準）50. A random plasma glucose concentration 隨機血糖（200 mg/dL (111.1 mmol/L)為診斷標準）51. hyperglycemic crisis高血糖危象52. positive family history家族史陽性53. ameliorate symptoms of hyperglycemia控制高血糖癥狀54. Glycemic Goals血糖控制目標55. Preprandial plasma glucose餐前血糖56. Postprandial plasma glucose餐后血糖57. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists美國臨床內分泌醫(yī)師學會AACE58. American College of Endocrinology美國內分泌學會ACE59. American Diabetes Association美國糖尿病協會ADA60. aggressive management強化控制61. smoking cessation戒煙62. treatment of dyslipidemia調節(jié)血脂異常63. intensive blood pressure強化血壓控制64. antiplatelet therapy抗血小板治療65. dietary and exercise modifications改變飲食鍛煉習慣66. self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)自我血糖監(jiān)測67. low in saturated fat飽和脂肪限量68. caloric restriction控制熱量69. Bedtime and between meal snacks睡前及餐間零食70. Aerobic exercise有氧鍛煉71. sedentary patients 既往運動較少的病人72. atherosclerotic disease動脈粥樣硬化疾病73. subcutaneously皮下注射74. Humalog (insulin lispro)賴脯胰島素（優(yōu)泌樂）75. NovoLog (insulin aspart)門冬胰島素（諾和銳）76. Apidra (insulin glulisine)賴谷胰島素（Apidra，目前還沒有中文名）77. Rapid-acting insulins速效胰島素78. Short-acting insulins短效胰島素79. Humulin R (regular)優(yōu)泌林R80. Novolin R (regular)諾和靈R81. Intermediate-acting insulins (neutral protamine Hagedorn)中效胰島素（中性魚精蛋白胰島素，NPH）Hagedorn為發(fā)明者名字82. Humulin N優(yōu)泌林N83. Novolin N 諾和靈N84. Long-acting insulins長效胰島素85. Lantus (insulin glargine)來得時（甘精胰島素）86. Levemir (insulin detemir)諾和平（地特胰島素）87. Premixed insulins預混胰島素88. Humalog Mix 75/25 (75% neutral protamine lispro,25% lispro)優(yōu)泌樂MIX75/25（75%魚精蛋白賴脯胰島素；25%賴脯胰島素）89. Humalog Mix 50/50 (50% neutral protamine lispro,50% lispro)優(yōu)泌樂MIX50/50（50%中性魚精蛋白賴脯胰島素；50%賴脯胰島素）90. Novolog Mix 70/30(70% aspart protaminesuspension, 30% aspart)阿福特羅諾和銳MIX70/30(70%魚精蛋白門冬胰島素；30%門冬胰島素)91.NPH-regular combinations中效-短效組合92. Humulin 70/30優(yōu)泌林70/3093. Novolin 70/30諾和靈70/3094. Exenatide (Byetta)艾塞那肽（百泌達）GLP-195. Liraglutide (Victoza)利拉魯肽（諾和力）96. Pramlintide (Symlin)普蘭林肽（人胰淀素類似物）97. delayed postmeal hypoglycemia遲發(fā)性餐后低血糖98. nocturnal hypoglycemia夜間低血糖99. fasting hyperglycemia空腹高血糖100. Glucagon （1 g intramuscularly）胰高血糖素（肌肉注射）101. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Agonists胰高血糖素樣肽1激動劑102. gastric emptying胃排空103. Sulfonylureas磺脲類104. equipotent doses等效劑量105. Glipizide格列吡嗪（普通片，控釋片（XL）瑞易寧）106. glyburide格列本脲（普通片：Diabeta,優(yōu)降糖；微乳制劑：Micronase）107. Glimepiride格列美脲(Amaryl,亞莫利)108. Short-acting insulin secretagogues短效胰島素促泌劑（餐時促泌劑）109. Nateglinide那格列奈（Starlix，唐力）110. Repaglinide 瑞格列奈（Prandin，孚來迪）111. Biguanides雙胍類112. Metformin二甲雙胍（格華止，Glucophage）113. Metformin extended release二甲雙胍緩釋片（格華止，Glucophage XR ）114. Thiazolidinediones噻唑烷二酮類115. Pioglitazone 吡格列酮（艾可拓，Actos）116. Rosiglitazone 羅格列酮（文迪雅，Avandia）117. -Glucosidase inhibitors-糖苷酶抑制劑118. Acarbose阿卡波糖（拜糖平，Precose）119. Miglitol米格列酮（Glyset）120. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors二肽基轉肽酶-4抑制劑121. Sitagliptin 西格列?。ń葜Z維，Januvia）122. Saxagliptin 沙格列?。ò擦桑琌nglyza）123. Glyburide/metformin 格列本脲/二甲雙胍（Glucovance）124. Glipizide/metformin (N) Metaglip格列吡嗪/二甲雙胍（Metaglip）125. Rosiglitazone/metformin 羅格列酮/二甲雙胍（文達敏，Avandamet）126. long half-life drugs長半衰期藥物127. skip meals, 誤餐128. exercise vigorously高強度鍛煉129. skin rash皮疹130. hemolytic anemia溶血性貧血131. GI upset胃腸道不適132. cholestasis 膽汁淤積133. Hyponatremia低鈉血癥134. glucose dependent insulin release葡萄糖依賴的胰島素釋放（格列奈類）135. the medication should also be skipped誤餐，當餐藥物也無需服用136. insulin-sensitive tissues胰島素敏感組織137. hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissues 肝臟及外周（肌肉）組織138. basal-bolus therapy基礎聯合餐時胰島素方案136. glycemic lability.血糖不穩(wěn)定137. preprandial SMBG level餐前血糖監(jiān)測水平138. upcoming activity level 未來運動量139. anticipated carbohydrate intake預計攝食水平140. Carbohydrate counting碳水化合物計量141. diminish aggregation減少聚集142. greater glycemic control嚴格控制血糖143. erratic postprandial control餐后血糖控制不佳144. judiciously titrated based on GI adverse effects and postprandial glycemic goals根據胃腸道不良反應及血糖控制水平調整劑量145. Symptomatic patients有癥狀的患者146. worsen insulin resistance加重胰島素抵抗147. therapeutic lifestyle measures治療性生活方式改善148. Obese patients (>120% ideal body weight)肥胖患者（標準體重120%）149. Near-normal-weight patients體重基本正常的患者150. disease progresses on metformin therapy應用二甲雙胍期間病情進展151. on multiple therapies正在應用多種治療方案152. bedtime injection晚間（胰島素）注射153. Intensify management強化治療方案154. Less intensive management非強化治療方案155. intact hypoglycemia awareness有低血糖癥狀（未受損傷）156. used at the discretion of the clinician在醫(yī)師的監(jiān)護下用藥157. ophthalmologist眼科醫(yī)生158. regress恢復159. Laser photocoagulation激光光凝治療160. Paresthesias 感覺異常161. numbness麻木162. predominant symptoms主要癥狀163. tricyclic antidepressants,三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥物164. anticonvulsants 抗驚厥的藥165. gabapentin加巴噴丁166. pregabalin普瑞巴林167. carbamazepine 卡巴咪嗪168. topiramate托吡酯169. duloxetine, 度洛西汀170. venlafaxine, 文拉法辛171. topical capsaicin辣椒素（表面應用）172. analgesics止痛藥173. tramadol 曲馬多174. Gastroparesis胃癱175. Erythromycin紅霉素176. debilitating使人虛弱的177. metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺178. orthostatic hypotension體位性低血壓179. mineralocorticoids鹽皮質激素180. Diabetic diarrhea糖尿病腹瀉181. nocturnal夜間（五更瀉）182. doxycycline多西環(huán)素183. metronidazole甲硝唑184. Octreotide 奧曲肽185. Erectile dysfunction勃起功能障礙186. sildenafil西地那非187. vardenafil伐地那非188. tadalafil他達那非189. retarding the progression of established nephropathy延緩神經病變進程190. Diuretics利尿劑191. volume-expanded states容量增加狀態(tài)192. Claudication跛行193. correction of dyslipidemia糾正血脂異常194. antiplatelet therapy抗血小板治療195. Cilostazol 西洛他唑(Pletal)196. select patients選定的病人197. Local debridement去死皮198. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel IIIGuidelines國際膽固醇教育項目成人治療專家指南200. Niacin 煙酸201.fibrate貝特類藥物202. polyuria多尿203.polydipsia多飲，煩渴204. Finer insulin adjustments更為精細的血糖調節(jié)205. nocturnal sweating夜汗206.palpitations心悸207. microalbuminuria微量白蛋白尿208. albuminuria白蛋白尿209. dilated ophthalmologic exams散瞳查眼底210. influenza and pneumococcal vaccine流感及肺炎疫苗