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Unit 1 Putting in a Good Word for Guilt 2. Vocabulary: (1) An increasing number of children’s books attempt to portray life as it is for members of disadvantaged and minority groups. This year saw the publication of a rich [assortment] of realistic fictions for children aged 8-12 and older. [assortment] n. A collection of various kinds; a variety 多種多樣;一批品種多樣的收藏；多種多樣 (2) People with [narcissistic] personality disorder have a great sense of self-importance. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or power. [narcissistic] adj.自戀的,自我陶醉的 narcissist n.自我陶醉者 narcissistically adv. (3) Studies on film consumers had indicated teenage audience as s a prime market, with the result that Hollywood filmmakers [obsessively] catered to that market, sometimes at the expense of adult fare. [obsessively] adv.強迫性地, 著迷似地 obsessive adj. [1] Of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession著迷,與著迷有關的或具有著迷特征的 obsessive gambling著迷于賭博 [2] Excessive in degree or nature急迫的,在程度或性質(zhì)上過分的 an obsessive need to win急迫的想贏的欲望 obsessiveness n.（名詞） obsess vt.(魔鬼、妄想等)纏住; 迷住 [常用被動結構]使窘困; 使煩擾 be obsessed by [with] 被...附上[纏住, 迷住心竅] obsessor n.使人煩擾的人或事 (4) Robinson found many savages on this island. They were seen warring, [slaying] and eating each other, and sacrificing one another by thousands to their gods. [slaying ] <= slay v.tr.（及物動詞） [動詞各種形態(tài)：slew,slain, slaying，slays] [1] To kill violently兇狠地殺死 The soldiers slain in the battle were burried that night. 在那天夜晚，埋葬了在戰(zhàn)斗中犧牲了的戰(zhàn)士。 [2] [Slang] To overwhelm, as with laughter or love 【俚語】 深深感動; 壓倒, 克服; 使禁不住大笑 Those old jokes still slay me.那些古老的笑話仍讓我感動。 Middle English slen, slayen中古英語 slen, slayen slayer n. 殺人者, 兇手 對比詞匯：destroy; exterminate; kill ; put to death (5) Attempting to make money from the growing [legion] of both female and male fans of basketball, he started to write love stories with basketball as one of the elements. [legion] n. [1] The major unit of the Roman army consisting of 3,000 to 6,000 infantry troops and 100 to 200 cavalry troops.古羅馬軍團：古羅馬軍隊的主要單位，由3,000至6,000名步兵和100至200名騎兵組成 [2] A large military unit trained for combat; an army. 軍隊，兵團：被訓練以用于戰(zhàn)斗的龐大的軍事單位；軍隊 [3] A large number; a multitude.See Synonyms at multitude 大量；眾多.參見 multitude a legion of followers大批追隨者 Middle English: legioun中古英語 legioun from Old French legion源自 古法語 legion 對照詞匯： army, battalion, company, division, force, outfit, regiments, quad, team, troop, unit (6) Being somewhat older than he was, they [instilled] into him a false idea of their superiority, and it was by this means they retained him in their “set”—a set of wild, dissipated (閑游浪蕩的) young men. instill [instill] v.tr.（及物動詞） [詞形：in.stilled， in.still.ing， in.stills也作 in.stils] [1] To introduce by gradual, persistent efforts; implant: 逐漸的，持續(xù)地灌輸；灌輸： “Morality . . . may be instilled into their minds”(Thomas Jefferson) “道德可以灌輸?shù)剿麄兊念^腦中”(托馬斯杰弗遜) Middle English： instillen 中古英語 instillen (7) It is perhaps difficult for White South Africans, with an [ingrained] prejudice against communism, to understand why experienced African politicians so readily accept communists as their friends. [ingrained] adj. Firmly established; deep-seated 根深蒂固的；牢固的 ingrained prejudice; 根深蒂固的偏見 the ingrained habits of a lifetime 一生的根深蒂固的習慣 (8) While administration officials were kept busy answering the charges, the secretary and chairman [hustled] back and forth between committees on both sides of the Capitol defending the pace and scope of the defense effort. [hustle] [詞形：hustled， hustling， hustles] v.intr.（不及物動詞） To work or move energetically and rapidly 趕忙，有干勁兒：精力充沛、動作迅速地工作或運動 Come on, now! Hustle! We hustled to get dinner ready on time. 我們忙著把晚餐按時準備好 hustle for [美口]費力氣想得到, 極力爭取 (9) Thousands of soccer fans stormed the gates of an already overcrowded stadium, minutes before game time. 49 people were killed and 47 injured in the [stampede]. [stampede] n. [1] A sudden frenzied rush of panic-stricken animals 驚逃，受驚嚇的動物突然狂奔 [2] A sudden headlong rush or flight of a crowd of people 逃竄，一哄而散，人群突然猛沖或飛奔 There was a stampede of panic-stricken crowd from the burning hotel. 一群驚惶失措的人們, 從失火的旅館中跑了出來。 [3] A mass impulsive action 蜂擁 a stampede of support for the candidate. 紛紛支持那個侯選人 (10) For a fleeting moment I felt uneasy. Like many Americans making their first trip to an unfamiliar Asian city, I had harbored [qualms] about just how I might be received. [qualm] n. A sudden disturbing feeling 不安，疑慮；突然引起不安的感覺 qualms of homesickness 思鄉(xiāng)癥 3.Paraphrase: (1) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time. During that period of time of about ten years or more, those welcome psychologists solved people’s mental problems by writing books instead of giving clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything. (2)In the past, it was commonly thought that to love himself, everyone should first give up his guilt. For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignored the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance. (3)What’s more, we would never be one of those who give up their guilt while becoming more and more deteriorated in excessive admiration of themselves. (4)There are people who are tortured by unreasonable guilt. Of course we are not willing to be one of them or guide our children to be one of them. (5)In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now an old concept may conflict with a new one on what we should do. There is a great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt. (6)If guilt represents the contradiction of our standards of behavior, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness. (7)In some aspect, the so-called bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Because we don’t want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things. (8)In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead of putting ourselves in the first place urgently. 4. Cloze: Guilt can be a feeling of (1) [remorse] about an action or situation in which you had some culpability or (2) [responsibility]. Sometimes we can feel guilty even there is no (3) [reason]. Any ideas about what has (4) [triggered] the guilt? What is of interest in our context is the neurotic sense of guilt which is a form of (5) [anxiety] mostly connected to repressed, murderous rage. The person feels as if he had (6) [committed] a moral crime. Does too much (7) [criticism] really cause too much guilt? Harsh parenting leads to decreased (8) [empathy], guilt, and selfcontrol. Children are more likely to (9) [develop] a sense of morality/ conscience if parents use induction. Guilt means that a person does something that (10) [violate] their moral code, (11) [value] system, or their sense of right/ wrong and good/ bad. In other words, once they do something (12) [against] their duty, people will have the sense of guilt. In the final analysis we judge things by whether they (13) [fulfill] the purpose for which they were made. It is a (14) [generally] accepted principle that one cannot condemn something for (15) [failing] to achieve what it was never (16) [intended] to achieve. If man is merely a (17) [biochemical] machine, he cannot be (18) [judged] on any moral grounds (19) [since] the behavior of machines is predetermined by their very (20) [nature] and is in no sense “moral.” 5. Translation: A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. 人要想快樂，首先必須感到自由，其次，必須感到自己重要。He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 假如迫于社會壓力做自己不樂意做的事，或者樂于做的事被認為一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社會的承認，那么這樣的人是不可能真正快樂的。A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. 倘若一個人對社會給予他的差事不感興趣，干下去只是出于謀生和養(yǎng)家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是個雇傭勞動者。A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do. 倘若一個人打心眼里對社會掏錢讓他干的差事感興趣，那么他就是一個工作者。Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. 一件差事究竟是勞動還是工作并不取決于差事本身，而是取決于干這個差事的人的喜好。The difference does not coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job. 這種差異并不等同于體力和腦力勞動之間的區(qū)別。Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. 從一個人對休閑的態(tài)度可以看出他屬于哪類人。To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. 對工作者而言，休閑不過是放松休息幾個小時，為的是工作起來效率更高。He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much. 所以他很可能花很少的時間休息，而不是很多。To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. 對勞動者而言恰恰相反，休閑意味著擺脫了羈絆，他總盼著少干多玩，工作時間越短越好，這種想法也在情理之中。 B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1)People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after the truth came out. (2)On the coming of the New Year, it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work for a while and call his parents. (3)In a time of change, young people often put self-interest in the first place and tune out social commitment. (4)The government has realized that serious social problems may arise from wealth polarization, and measures have been taken to shorten the distance. (5)As the cost of being famous, stars are particularly vulnerable to criticism, because people always have higher expectations of them. (6)After the terrorist attack was successfully suppressed, the horror-stricken hostages were shepherded across a secret passage to the safety zone. (7)Finally, the author chose to retort the rumor not because of any personal offense, but rather in response to injuries inflicted on others. (8)The criminal explains to his lawyer that his will is so naturally fragile that his physical needs often overpower his feeling, which leads to the theft of his acquaintance. (9) When her grandma, the only person who loved her in the world, passed away, her heart was filled with nothing else but deep sorrow and regret. Unit 2 In the Beginning: God and Science 2. Vocabulary (1) profane (2) ignited (3) concocted (4) reverberations (5) subversive (6) enigmatic (7) convergence (8) provisional (9) defy（10) transparent 3. Paraphrase (1) It’s hard and even intolerable to imagine the infinitive universe, like the endless time, but this idea can at least make people feel calm and peaceful. (2) However, in recent decades, the Steady State model of universe has been substituted in scientific field by a more difficult idea that the universe is full of forceful actions. (3) The Big Bang theory makes some astronomers very uneasy, but at the same time, creates a little excitement in religious field for it seems to confirm their belief in creation. (4) Science educed the Big Bang theory from the hard work of assumption and testification and even unexpected but pleasant incidents, which share little interest with ideology. (5) Many theologians also agree that the similar point of religion and science on the issue of creation is accidental without deep significance. (6) Some scientists refuse to consider the issue of creation with the attitude of dealing with the fact. (7)Yet, actually everyone, including scientists and common religious persons, is possessed by the confusing issues of creation and even what happened before it. (8) People who are engaged in the hitech field need something from spirit and ethics to conduct their work. (9) The Big Bang theory of course is not the perfect final theory of creation that human can develop, but what it shows to us is a vast unknown area that requires effort and appropriate respect from both religion and science. 4. Cloze (1) concerned (2) deeply (3) movements (4) longing (5) endeavor (6) present (7) religious (8) suffice (9) varying (10) experience (11) primitive(12) evokes (13) stage (14) poorly (15) creates (16) depend (17) handed(18) disposed (19) degree (20) basis 5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. (1) 硅芯片時代的不可知論可被除了造物之外的許多疑惑所動搖。幾乎具有同樣神秘色彩的問題是，在幾十億年前，是什么條件產(chǎn)生了第一個能夠復制自身的分子。這一步使得遍布地球的所有生命形式的發(fā)展成為可能。為什么恰在那時發(fā)生呢？對于科學和神學在大爆炸宇宙學上表面的趨同，宗教界表現(xiàn)出來的熱情是可以理解的。自啟蒙運動以來，《圣經(jīng)》所述的創(chuàng)世故事或者其它“事件”，如人之墮落和耶穌基督的奇跡，屢屢遭遇科學的貶抑；它們僅僅被當作神話、迷信而已。現(xiàn)在信徒們不由得要相信科學已經(jīng)費力地證實了至少一個圣經(jīng)“神話”：創(chuàng)世說。 (2) 美國國家航空和航天局宣布科學家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)來自火星的隕石中有生命的跡象。到目前為止，公眾的反響相當積極。不過隨著人們進一步領會其深層含義，這種積極的反響可能會改變。來自國家宇航局的這一消息是近500年來對人類最大的冒犯。這個新發(fā)現(xiàn)說明生命很可能是相當普通的一種現(xiàn)象，只要有點機會在任何地方都可能發(fā)生。地球并不特殊。異類的生命形式也不特別。它們不是人們通常合情合理想象的長著尖尖耳朵或其它可愛特點的人形生命，它們很可能更像簡單的細菌。地球上的生命之所以特別是因為我們只了解這一種生命形式。那么就這一點來說，現(xiàn)在行將破碎的那類教條根本就是建立在無知的基礎上的。生物學的根基非常脆弱，它只有一個數(shù)據(jù)點，即地球上的生命。 B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1) Since my grandma knows nothing about electrical appliance, she always stays clear of any of them with fear. (2) Although they have been sieged for almost a week, the soldiers swear never to yield the ground to the enemy. (3) To his embarrassment, his new boss turned out to be his primary school classmate, on whom he used to play trick. (4)Everybody should know how to choose when their social responsibility clashes with their personal interest. (5) Tourists from all over the world are really taken by the beauty and intelligence shown in this palace. (6) This book provides a sharp look at the domestic lives of middleclass African Americans and the residual impacts of slavery and racial discrimination. (7) That morning in the largest rural market in Asian, I saw at least a hundred thousand people jostled with one another to buy livestock, which is so unforgettable to me. (8) The narration at first continues the light spoken tone of the earlier novel, but as it develops, this tone recedes, only occasionally bursting forth in humorous words. (9) The two groups concurred that even the toughest gun laws would have no effect on crime rate; the key lies in the education of people. (10) No one could expect that the great writer’s grave was marked by a small wooden board, bearing his name, the letters of which were nearly obliterated by time. Unit 3 Privacy and Property on Net 2. Vocabulary (1) confidential (2) facilitate (3) bizarre (4) innovation (5) surveillance (6) Incidentally (7) administered (8) deregulation 3. Paraphrase (1) Although privacy and property are firmly established in the history of human development, they vary as the social criteria change. (2) They two are based on experience and can be scientifically true. However, they may be proved wrong in some domains like social aspects. (3) It seems fair for everyone that the law forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, whereas, the truth is that the rich don’t have to sleep under bridges so the law only places restrictions on the poor. (4) Copyright sounds fair to both celebrities and obscurities, but it virtually separate celebrities from the other musicians because only celebrities and major distribution companies have the ability to defend their copyright by legal means. This reveals inequality under the cover of so called equality. (5) Court officials who have made a solemn promise could explore the doubtful cases then specify those really guilty few and report to punish them according to laws. (6) Information technology cannot provide convincing answers to such questions thus ending up being doubted by public, following nuclear power and genetic engineering. (7) Internet based investigations might succeed, but they are usually less reliable than traditional randomly sampled polls. 4. Cloze (1)sophisticated (2)protect (3)named (4)employed (5)other (6)private (7)only (8) public (9)possessed (10)periodically (11)forge (12)limit (13)approved (14)privileges (15)accountable (16)confidential (17)access (18)difficult (19)mixture (20)symbols 5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. (1)這樣一個多層機密系統(tǒng)的最佳構思是什么呢？是否會出現(xiàn)意外的后果？公眾是否能接受？如果不能很好地回答這些問題，信息技術將會像核能源和基因工程一樣被籠罩在大眾的疑云之中?，F(xiàn)在無處不在的電話銷售已經(jīng)讓人們變得十分抵觸通過電話進行的科學調(diào)查了。網(wǎng)絡調(diào)查倒是大有前途，但是顯然缺乏傳統(tǒng)的隨機抽樣調(diào)查的可信度。另一個問題是，政府以安全為目的進行數(shù)據(jù)收集和整合，但是對其真實結果的研究在政府的安全機構內(nèi)部是不可能公正的，因為要想獲得科學的公正性，研究就必須公開進行。 (2)根據(jù)卡內(nèi)基麥倫大學的研究，使用因特網(wǎng)可能會導致心理健康程度下降。兩年的研究表明，上網(wǎng)次數(shù)多的人與較少的人相比，即使是一周僅上網(wǎng)幾小時也會經(jīng)常地感覺到沮喪和孤獨。這不是說已經(jīng)有不良感覺的人在網(wǎng)上花費了更多的時間，而是說使用因特網(wǎng)似乎確實誘發(fā)了人們的不良感覺。研究者推測說，實際情況是上網(wǎng)使網(wǎng)民減少了和家人及朋友共度的時光，這也許可以解釋他們心理健康狀況的下降原因。和面對面的交談相比，這種見不著面、看不見人的“虛”的交流可能會使人從心理上缺乏滿足感。人們通過這種交流結下的友誼也不會太深。還有一種可能是，網(wǎng)民通過因特網(wǎng)所了解到的廣闊世界使他們對自己的生活不那么滿意了。 B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1) The news rendered us extremely excited that our contestant had won the championship in the contest. (2) After every Spring Festival graduates travel around the country in the pursuit of job. (3) How can you tell he has murdered his neighbor in the absence of any specific proof? (4) Under the threat of terrorists’ attacks government has to sift through heaps of mails every day. (5) The conference committes’ members are discussing whether the topic should fall under this session’s theme. (6) When he was aware that his health was deteriorating, the once ambitious entrepreneur relinquished all control over the business to his son. (7) The municipal government has determined to broaden all the roads within the city and is actively planning to build the underground system as well. All this aims at facilitating citizens’ transportation. (8)When investigating a bank robbery resulting in two deaths, the police found a letter which implicated John in the robbery. Unit 5 Escaping to Ireland for Christmas 2. Vocabulary (1) contrariness (2) tangle (3) stamina (4) roam (5) subtlety (6) bustling (7) conspire (8) foray (9) tangible (10) savor 3. Paraphrase (1) We prefer to travel at Christmas because we tend to avoid the crowds during traveling seasons. (2) Our reason for having such different trips is from the harvest rather than the loss during the course (3) We have long and hard traveling experience, which gives us the creative ideas of making the special plans, the perseverance to go through difficulties, and the optimistic and humorous reaction to people’s lack of understanding. (4) As our plans change the life style or make them to wear heavily, our children are not always obedient and willing to accept them. (5) Our idea of Christmas is changed because of our revolution of the past life style and the pleasure of finding another culture. (6) When we are traveling in another country, we are all foreigners, which makes us more united. And we are fascinated in finding the details of the new environment and are more easily to accept other’s opinion. (7) The whole family acted together to cater for my special love for knitting wool, such as watching the sheep walking through, finding and visiting the discarded wool mill, focusing on the yarn store in every town and renaming colors for sweaters with our visited places for memory. (8) After wearing the rubber rain boots and thick wool socks, we are not afraid of the coldness and humidity any more when we stamped through muddy fields. (9) We can understand the Irish life from a special angle by viewing their local newspaper for the world’s events. 4. Cloze (1) crowded (2) vacationers (3) stretch (4) tight (5) beginning (6) seem (7) cash (8) against (9) dreaded (10) possible (11) avoiding (12) popular (13) surprise (14) route (15) according to (16) same (17) difficult (18) ultimately (19) given (20) expect 5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. 如果我是一名游客的話，我會將我的出行計劃定在四，五月或者十，十一月期間。要是在“旺季”去的話，你遭受冷雨寒風的機會會更大。而且很奇怪地，全國都會擠得一塌糊涂，收費還高得驚人。 我會開車或坐飛機