2014年教材電子版 B級 閱讀理解部分 第17-33篇17 Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a BoostEating potatoes is not only good for bowel health，but also for the whole immune system， especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model，researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease， generally when the body is challenged.The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.In what was the longest study of its kind，pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. "The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch, ” said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona3，Spain.Humans do not eat raw potatoes，but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch， such as cold boiled potatoes，legumes，grains，green bananas，pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch 一 starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)4.Immunology expert Lena Ohmans team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden5. The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI6. 詞匯：boost /burst/ vt. 8cn,提高，舉起bowel /baul/ n.(常用復(fù)數(shù)）腸salad /saebd/ n.色拉（西餐中的一種涼拌菜）Spain /spein/ n.西班牙 starch /staitj/ n.淀粉 leucocyte /1( j)uik9sait/ n.白細胞 lymphocyte / 丨limfosait/ n.淋巴細胞 inflammation / 丨 infb丨meijan/ n.炎，炎癥；發(fā) 炎部位down-regulation n.下調(diào)，向卞調(diào)節(jié) Spanish /spaenij/ adj,西班牙的 indicative /indikstiv/ adj.指示性的；象征性的；預(yù)示性的 density /denssti/ n.密度 apoptosis /,aep9pt9usis/ n.細胞凋亡（細胞的自然死亡） simulate /simjuleit/ vt 模仿，模擬 resistant /rizistsnt/ adj.有抵抗力的；耐久的Barcelona /丨ba:si丨buns/ n.巴塞羅那（西班牙港市）legume /legjuimigjuim/ n.豆，（豆）莢pasta /paests/ n.意大禾!j 面食cereal /sisril/ n.(常用復(fù)數(shù)）（作為主糧的）谷物類digest /did3est,dai-/ v.消化 intestine /intestin/ n.(常用復(fù)數(shù)）腸 shunt /jAnt/ v.(使）分流 ferment /f3:ment/ v.(使）發(fā)酵immunology /iimjuinDbdsij-mju-/ n.免疫 學peripheral /psnfsrol/ adj.周圍的;表面的 gut /gAt/ n.腸hypothesis /haipD0isis/ n.(學說的）假設(shè)，假定inflammatory /inflaemstori/ adj.發(fā)炎的，炎 性的 注釋：1. raw potato starch (RPS)：未經(jīng)加工的土豆淀粉2. The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.西班牙研究者們所觀察到的白血球水平整體下調(diào)意味著未經(jīng)加工的土豆淀粉具有全面的有益作用，也就是總的來說身體是更加 健康。3. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona是西班牙一個少數(shù)民族語加泰隆語，意為“巴塞羅那 自治大學”。這是該大學的原名。4. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS):腸易激綜合征5. Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden:瑞典哥德堡大學內(nèi)科醫(yī)學系6. SCI (Science Citation Index):科學引文索引。美國科學信息研究所1961年創(chuàng)辦出版的引文數(shù)據(jù)庫。練習：1 What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body? A Potato soup. B Potato cake.C Potato salad. D Hot boiled potato.2 What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?A It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.B It may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.C It means that the body is challenged.D It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.3 For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?A They wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs. B They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch. C They wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day. D They wanted to see how much body weight each experimental pig gained in the end.4All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT A pasta. B grains. C legumes. D vegetables.5What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all? A It may cause irritable bowel syndrome.B It may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder.C It may raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.D It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.1. C短文開頭第一句就說,“吃土豆有益于腸道健康，而且對整個免疫系統(tǒng)也有益,尤其是吃 土豆色拉或涼吃”，因此在四個選項中最有營養(yǎng)的非C項莫屬。2. A第二段第三句說，“淋巴細胞水平低顯示炎癥水平下降”，故其他B、C、D三個選項均不正確。3. B 二段第二句引用了研究組負責人自己的話說，“在實驗中使用未經(jīng)加工的土豆淀粉，就 是為了模擬富含耐久淀粉的飲食所起的作用”，其他A、C、D三個選項文章均沒有提及。4. D第四段第一句列出了一些富含耐久淀粉的食品，其中就沒有D項“蔬菜”，而且實際上蔬 菜也不是富含淀粉的食物。5. D第四段倒數(shù)第二句已經(jīng)解釋了耐久淀粉的特點：“不能在小腸中消化，而是分流到大腸， 在大腸中發(fā)酵?！逼渌x項個別詞語雖在短文中出現(xiàn)過，但都不是說明耐久淀粉的。18 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly DiabeticsMost older people with so-called type H diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday. Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalets Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said. Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type n, all more than60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2Associate Professor3 Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non?exercising persons."This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，” Dela was quoted as saying.6Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off6 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added.詞匯： insulin /丨insjulin/ n.胰島素diabetic /,dai9betik/ adj.(患）糖尿病的; .n.糖尿病患者diabetes /idaisbiitiiz/ n.糖尿??；多尿癥 brisk /brisk/ adj.輕快的；活潑的，活躍的 Copenhagen /丨ksijpsn丨h(huán)eigsn/ n.哥本哈根(丹麥首都） muscle /丨mAsl/ n.肌肉 utilise ( = utilize) /丨ju:tilaiz/ vt.利用，使用 medication /jmedikei/sn/ n.藥物，藥物治療 subject /sAbdsikt/ n.實驗對象 utilisation ( = utilization) /juitilaizei/on/n.利用，使用 saying /senq/ n. hormone /hoimsun/ n.激素 pancreas /paeqkriss/ n. JR(H) 1. be equal to;等于2. as a measure for how well their insulin worked:作為測量他們的胰島素工作狀況如何的標志。 從語法上分析，how引起的從句是for這個介詞的賓語從句。3. associate professor ：副教授4. . cannot cure people of diabetes:不能治好人們的糖尿病。cure sb. of sth.：給某人醫(yī)治某 病。例如:liiis medicine should cure you of your cold.這藥準能治好你的感冒。5. put off:推遲，延期6. Dela was quoted as saying:Dela的話像格言一樣被人們所引用。注意謂語是被動語態(tài)。7. work up:逐步引起，激起8. wear off:逐漸消失 ，9. (be) unaware of sth.：不知道，沒覺察練習：1. How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin? A By taking more salt than usual. B By taking less salt than usual.C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week. D By going climbing, swimming or boxing every day.2. Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by A 70 per cent. B 30 per cent.C 60 per cent. D only a few per cent.3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included A elderly non-diabetic men. B elderly type II diabetic men.C both sexes of all ages. D both A and B.4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect? A To the degree where they begin to sweat.B To the degree where they feel exhausted. C To the point when they feel thirsty. D To the point when they have to take insulin.5. According to Dela, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importanceof watching their diet.A as poorly understood as B as well understood asC less understood than D better understood than1. C文章一開始就有此問題的明確答案。至于吃多少鹽或者從事其他劇烈運動文章自始至 終都沒有提到。2. B文章第二段說到，體育鍛煉能將身體利用胰島素的能力提高30%。3. D此題答案在文章第四段，實驗對象既有n型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60歲以 上的男人。4. A文章倒數(shù)第二段說到，體育鍛煉只要達到出汗的程度就能起作用。5. C最后一段明確說到，大多數(shù)糖尿病患者知道必須注意飲食，但卻并不知道體育鍛煉的重要性。19 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.詞匯：dependency n.依賴性contemporary .現(xiàn)代的obligation n. 義務(wù)insurance n. 保險welfare n.福利senile dj. 衰老的grave dj. 嚴肅的convalescent dj.康復(fù)的sponsor v. 發(fā)起，資助institution n. 機構(gòu)注釋:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延長人類生命的結(jié)果使得人口的數(shù)量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是動名詞短語。由動名詞短語作句子的主語時，句中動詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活著的很多人生于一百年以前，他們會死于各種兒童疾病。3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因為有更多的人壽命更長，所以在任何一個特定的時間里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 撫養(yǎng)人口數(shù)量。5. In times of famine: 在饑荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救濟go on 有許多意思，其中的一個意思是"依靠過活"。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作難找時，許多人靠政府救濟金過日子。)7. grave problems: 嚴重的問題8. convalescent hospitals: 康復(fù)醫(yī)院;療養(yǎng)院9. profit-making organizations: 贏利機構(gòu)10. dumping grounds: 垃圾場練習:1. The writer believes that the population explosion results fromA an increase in birthrates.B the industrial development.C a decrease in death rates.D cultural advances.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesA it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers toA the need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.批評1. C 第一段最后一句說： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事實上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，導(dǎo)數(shù)了人口爆炸。2. B 第二段第四句說： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在災(zāi)年，可能會容忍嬰兒死亡，因為，如果他們的父母餓死了，他們也無法生存，而如果父母生存下來可重新生兒育女。因此，選項 B是正確的答案。3. A 第二段倒數(shù)第二句是這么說的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美國，許多退休人員依靠社會保障金生活，其數(shù)額之小差不多使人窮困潦倒。）可以看出，在美國許多退休人員的生活是很艱難的。這正是選項A表達的意思，因而選項A是正確的答案。4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （當今，由于家庭中大多數(shù)人都出去工作或上學，家里常常沒有人來照顧有病或虛弱的人。）"this need" 出現(xiàn)在下面這個短語中："To meet this need"（為了滿足這種需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。這正是選項D表達的意思。5. D文章昀后一句說 : most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多數(shù)機構(gòu)只不過是傾倒垂死的人的"垃飯場"，所謂的"照顧"都是由收入低、超量工作、技術(shù)水平低下的人員提供的。作者如此措辭顯然是對大多數(shù)機構(gòu)的強烈批評。因此，選項 D是正確答案。20 FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens ProduceThe biggest food safety risk for fresh fruits and vegetables as they are grown, picked or processed comes from human and animal waste, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration （FDA）.said Friday.More than 9, 000 Americans die each year from food-borne diseases and some scientists believe fresh produce is the biggest carrier of contamination.The FDA issued a set of draft guidelines for U. S. and foreign growers to carefully monitor worker hygiene, water quality, manure management and transportation.These 34-page draft guidelines urged growers to give workers lessons on basic hygiene such as using soap to wash their hands, covering wounds that could come into contact with produce, and using only clean toilets.The FDA guidelines identified “the major source of contamination ”for fresh produce as human or animal feces.“We think just proper controls and proper attention to detail would make a big difference in food safety,” said and FDA official, “It is our belief that these guidelines would not be very costly.”But grower groups disagreed with the FDAs assessment. “Most food-borne disease outbreaks that happen further down the distribution line are due to contamination because people preparing food are not properly washing their hands, ”said Stacey Zawal, an official with United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association. “That is not necessarily true for growers and packers.”Some U. S. grower organizations have expressed concern that the agency is interfering with on-farm practices. Others object to the FDAs proposal to have growers formally document the picking, handling and transportation of produce so that health officials could quickly recall foods if necessary.Consumer groups criticized the FDA guidelines as of little use because they will not carry the force of law. But stricter regulations could evolve as researchers find new technology or methods to kill harmful bacteria or parasites, the FDA said.The FDA recommendations are due to be made final by the FDA later this year for use by U.S. and foreign growers. The matter of encouraging foreign growers to adopt the guidelines remains somewhat tricky but FDA officials say it is vital because of the huge amount of imported produce.1. “Food-borne diseases” in this essay means those diseasesA. which people get by eating fruits which have been pollutedB. which people get by eating too many kinds of food.C. which many kinds of fruit get when polluted by feces.D. which fruit-growers get by their failure to keep themselves clean.2. Some fruit grower groups believe that most food-borne diseases are caused byA. growers lack of attention to personal hygiene.B. lack of effective guidelines.C. the FDAs decision to import more foreign fruits and vegetables.D. people involved in distributing fresh produce.3. An FDA official said that putting the guidelines into practiceA. would be too costly to be effective.B. would not cost any money.C. would not be very expensive.D. would needs lots of money. 4. Consumer groups criticized the FDA guidelines because they didnt think that these guidelinesA. had won enough support from the farmers.B. had been written with strict regulations.C. would surely be carried out. D. included new technology.5. The last paragraph suggests thatA. some tricks need to be adopted to encourage foreign growers to follow the FDA guidelines.B. a good way should be found to encourage foreign growers to follow the FDA guidelines.C. foreign growers consider the guidelines to be of great importance to them.D. it is almost impossible to ask foreign farmers to follow the guidelines.1) which people get by eating fruits which have been polluted2) people involved in distributing fresh produce.3) would not be very expensive.4) would surely be carried out.5) a good way should