There be句型一、構(gòu)成：There be是英語中常用句型， 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”。 其結(jié)構(gòu)為There be(is，are，was, were )+名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語。There在此結(jié)構(gòu)中是引導(dǎo)詞，已經(jīng)沒有副詞“那里”的含義。There be 后面的名詞是句子的主語，屬倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：There are fifty-two students in our class.There is a pencil in my pencil-case.There was an old house by the river five years ago.二、各種句式：1.否定句：There be句型否定句式的構(gòu)成和含有be動詞的其它句型一樣，在be后加上“not”。也可用“no”來表示。即：no + n.（名詞）= not aanany + n.（名詞）。 注意：no + n.（可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）= not aan + n.（可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）； no + n.（可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）= not any + n.（可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）； no + n.（不可數(shù)名詞）= not any + n.（不可數(shù)名詞）。例如：There is an orange in her bag. There isnt an orange in her bag. There is no orange in her bag.There are some oranges in her bag. There arent any oranges in her bag. There are no oranges in her bag.There is some juice in the bottle. There isnt any juice in the bottle. There is no juice in the bottle.2. 一般疑問句：There be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句變化只需把be動詞移到句首，再在句尾加上問號即可。例如：There is some money in her handbag. Is there any money in her handbag? (疑問句和否定句中，some改為any, something改為anything.)There is something new in todays newspaper. There isnt anything new in todays newspaper. Is there anything new in todays newspaper?3. 特殊疑問句：There be句型的特殊疑問句有以下三種形式： 對主語提問：當(dāng)主語是人時，用 “Whos + 介詞短語?”；當(dāng)主語是物時，用 “Whats + 介詞短語?”。其中there在口語中常常省略。注意：無論原句的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，對其提問時一般都用be的單數(shù)形式(回答時卻要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來決定)。如： There is a bird in the tree. Whats in the tree? There are some bikes over there. Whats over there? There is a little girl in the room. Who is in the room? 對地點(diǎn)狀語提問：用 “Where is are + 主語?”表示（注意其答語變化）：例如： There is a computer in my office. Where is the computer? -Its in my office. There are four children in the classroom. Where are the four children?They re in the classroom. 對數(shù)量提問：一般有兩種提問方式： 如果主語是可數(shù)名詞，無論是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，都用“How many +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語？”表示： There are twelve months in a year. How many months are there in a year? There is only one book in my bag. How many books are there in your bag? There is a cat in the box. How many cats are there in the box? 如果主語是不可數(shù)名詞，則用“ How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？”表示： There is some money in my purse. How much money is there in your purse? 4. 反意疑問句：There be或There加其它動詞，其反意疑問句一律用there? 例如：There is a beautiful girl in the garden, isnt there?There used to be no school here, used there did there? 三、注意: 1. 主謂一致和就近原則：如果句子的主語是單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞，或是不可數(shù)名詞，be動詞用“is” “was”。如果句子的主語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，be動詞就用“are” “were”。如果有兩個或兩個以上的名詞作主語，be動詞要和最靠近它的那個主語在數(shù)上保持一致，也就是我們常說的 “就近原則”。 2. There be 時態(tài)。 3. There be句型和havehas的區(qū)別：There be句型表示 “存在有”, havehas表示 “擁有” “所有”,兩者不能同時使用.例如：There are three books on the desk. 桌子上有三本書.I have three books. 我有三本書.四用法：1.含有情態(tài)動詞的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 多數(shù)情態(tài)動詞，如：can, may, must, should, ought to, used to等都可以用于there be結(jié)構(gòu)，并且在此結(jié)構(gòu)中分別保留其原有的情態(tài)意義。例如：(1).There should have been someone on duty all the time.本來，每時每刻都應(yīng)有人值班的。(2). There used to be a small pine wood near where I live.在我的住所附近曾經(jīng)有一片小松林。(3).There must be something wrong with the machine.這機(jī)器一定是有故障了。2.含有半助動詞的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 半助動詞本身有一定的含義，并且用法較為固定，常用在引導(dǎo)詞there之后，be之前。這些半助動詞有：appear to, happen to, chance to, seem to, tend to, prove to, turn out to, be about to, be sure to, be certain to, be likely to等。例如：(4). There dosent seem to have been any difficulty over the money question.(5).Theres sure to be a well somewhere nearby.附近肯定有一口井。(6). Theres likely to be a large audience in the theatre.劇院里可能有大量的觀眾。3. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中的be用其他動詞來代替 為了表達(dá)生動，在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中，可用表示狀態(tài)、發(fā)生、位置轉(zhuǎn)移等意義的其他動詞來代替動詞be。常這樣用的動詞有：live, lie, stand, remain, exist, occur, arise, rise, follow, come, enter, reach等。(7). There exist many ancient temples of this kind on the shores of the Mediterranean.在地中海沿岸地帶，有許多這樣的古廟。(8). Not long after this, there rose a sudden revolution.此后不久，突然爆發(fā)了一場革命。(9). Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.突然進(jìn)來一個渾身穿黑的陌生人。 注意：have一詞雖與 there be結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上有類似之處，但 have不能用來代替本結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be，因此這個說法是不可取的：*Theres going to have a meeting next week.4.帶有從句的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)的主語后通?？梢杂幸粋€定語從句來限制，還可以跟一個同位語從句。這個結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶有一個狀語從句，狀語從句的位置可前可后。(10). There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.沒有不包含矛盾的事物。（定語從句）(11). There came the news that the President had been assassinated.（同位語從句）(12). There ought to be some instructions on the lid, if Im not mistaken.（后置狀語從句）(13).If the criminal had come this way, there would have been footprints.（前置狀語從句）5.用在從句中的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)用在從句中可以作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和同位語等。例如：(14). It is reported that there are a number of wounded on both sides.（主語從句）(15). They said there were quite a number of very valuable jewels stolen.（賓語從句）(16). Such wind as there was came up the river.（定語從句）(17). Where there is a will, there is a way.（狀語從句）(18). The problem is that theres too much difficulty in fulfilling the task.（表語從句）(19). The fact that there occurred another accident surprised us all.（同位語從句）6. There be的被動語態(tài)形式 There be結(jié)構(gòu)可以用被動語態(tài)形式來表達(dá)，這時表示“存在”的實(shí)意動詞be變成了助動詞，過去分詞與其后的主語有被動的主謂關(guān)系。例如：(20). There are now published millions of books every year in China.(21). In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle.(22). There are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.據(jù)說正是在這個地點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了古代文明的遺址。7.主語表示特指的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語一般用名詞或不定代詞表示不確定的事物。但要求特別提及某人或某事物的存在時，可表示特指。這時的主語可以是專有名詞、人稱代詞，也可以由定冠詞和物主代詞來修飾名詞。例如：(23). Then theres Mrs. Greenshe must be invited to the wedding.還有格林太太必須邀請她參加婚禮。（專有名詞）(24). There were only we two left to continue the fierce fight against the enemy.只剩下我們兩人繼續(xù)同敵人進(jìn)行激烈的戰(zhàn)斗。（人稱代詞）(25). Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, for example.許多年輕人在學(xué)廣播英語課程，例如隔壁的那個男孩。（由定冠詞修飾）(26). I am old and there is only my son to take my body to the grave.我老了，并且只有我兒子為我送葬了。（由物主代詞修飾）8. There be的非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)一There be的不定式形式 和其他謂語動詞一樣，there be結(jié)構(gòu)可以有自己的不定式形式there to be，在句子中可以作主語、賓語和狀語等。例如：(27). For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic is impossible.電腦的計算是不可能出現(xiàn)錯誤的。（主語）(28). It was unusual for there to be no late comers that day.那天沒有遲到者，這是異乎尋常的。（主語）(29). Id like there to be a swimming pool in the garden.我希望花園里有個游泳池。（賓語）(30). The secretary arranged for there to be another interview.秘書又安排了一次面談。（介賓）(31). It was too late for there to be any buses.太晚了，不會有公共汽車了。（狀語） 注意：there to be作主語時通常有 for引導(dǎo)，例如：例（27）和（28）；作介詞賓語時只能作for的賓語，而不能作其他介詞的賓語，見例（30）。二. There be的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu) 其動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)形式為：there being，在句中可以作主語和賓語。例如：(32). There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.有一個車站離這所房子很近，這是一大優(yōu)勢。（主語）(33). We were annoyed at there being so much time wasted.由于浪費(fèi)了那么多時間，我們很生氣。（賓語）三There be的分詞形式 There be一般只有現(xiàn)在分詞形式，并可以分為一般式和完成式。其一般式為：there being，完成式為：there having been，在句中可用作狀語。(34).There being nothing else to do, we went home.沒有別的事情可做，我們就回家了。(35).There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burnt black by the sun.由于好長時間沒下雨了，地面都要被太陽烤焦了。9. There be結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)一步倒裝 There be結(jié)構(gòu)本身屬于一種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)樗竺娴拿~短語為主語。但有時為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，或者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)可以進(jìn)一步倒裝，這時be提到了引導(dǎo)詞there之前，there好象成了be的主語。例如：(36). Are there any books in the other room? 另一個房間里有書嗎？（疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的需要）(37). Not a single soul was there to show us the way. 沒有一個人給我們指路。（強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要）10. 省略引導(dǎo)詞there的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 在口語中，地點(diǎn)狀語提到句首或表示推測語氣時，可以省略引導(dǎo)詞there，仍然表示存在。例如：(38). Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys.貨品中有圣誕樹、花卉、蠟燭、火雞和玩具。（狀語提前，are前省略there）(39). Wont be anybody there now. 那兒現(xiàn)在不會有人。（推測，句首省略There）(40). Must be someone at the door.門口那里一定有什么人。（推測，句首省略There）11 省略there be的存在句 在口語中或針對there be疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的簡短答語中可以省略there be，例如：(41). Anything I can do for you?我能為您效勞嗎？（句首省略了Is there）(42).- How many foreign students are there in your class?-Five.（Five前省略了There are）12. 省略主語的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 對there be結(jié)構(gòu)一般疑問句的簡短回答，可以省略主語。(43).- Are there any chairs in the room? -No, there arent.（句尾省略了主語）(44).- Is there an artificial hill in the park? -Yes, there is.（句尾省略了主語）13.There be結(jié)構(gòu)在主謂一致中的特例 There be結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞be的數(shù)通常與其后作為主語的名詞或代詞一致。但也有例外：當(dāng)本結(jié)構(gòu)后的名詞短語是一系列的事物，并且第一個事物是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，那么動詞可以根據(jù)鄰近原則而用單數(shù)形式；有時人們先說出there is (was)，然后才想到要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)，這樣會產(chǎn)生主謂不一致情況，這種情況在口語中允許出現(xiàn)。例如：(45).There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks.書桌上有一本教科書、一本字典和幾本筆記。（鄰近原則）(46).Theres hundreds of people on the waiting list. 登記等候的有數(shù)百人。（口語表達(dá)）14.“There be + no (not any) +動名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 此結(jié)構(gòu)是一種特殊意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示不可能性。(47). There is no saying how long the rain is going to last. 說不準(zhǔn)這場雨要下多久。(48). There isnt any mistaking his intentions this time.這次是不可能誤會他的意思的。15. There be 結(jié)構(gòu)是一常見的表示“存在”的句型該結(jié)構(gòu)不表示“存在”意義的現(xiàn)象又廣見于書面語及口語，它以否定句的形式出現(xiàn)，用于對某一具體行為和抽象概念的否定。其慣用結(jié)構(gòu)一般有以下三種： 一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名詞為表“利弊”、“用途”的抽象名詞，如： There is no good in going. 去沒有什么好處。 There is no harm in doing that. 那樣做并無害處。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫無用處。 2.其中名詞為表“價值”、“意義”的抽象名詞，如： There is no sense in waiting here. 在這里等候下去毫無意義。 There is no point in doing so. 這樣做毫無意義。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失敗也不丟臉。 （注：此結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以省略，如：There is no use asking hershe doesnt know anything.） 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的動詞（do）多為“轉(zhuǎn)述”或“認(rèn)知”等意義的動詞，如：tell, say, know等，其后一般跟疑問句，如when，what等。 There is no saying what may happen. 很難說會發(fā)生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 說不清他何時回來。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何時我們能再相會。 2.其他動詞，其意義相當(dāng)靈活。 There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 應(yīng)該做什么是清楚的。 There is no denying the fact. 事實(shí)無可否認(rèn)。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史的車輪不能倒轉(zhuǎn)。 There is no getting along with him. 他很難相處。 Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打開話匣子，就說個沒完。 There is no joking with him. 和他不能開玩笑。三、There is + no + Action Noun 此結(jié)構(gòu)的含義相當(dāng)于Its impossible /unnecessary to do something。如： There is no hurry about it. 沒有必要這么急匆匆的。 There is no question of his honesty. 他的誠實(shí)是勿庸置疑的。 有時，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中的Action Noun被動名詞形式所取代，其意義不變。試比較： There is no escape from the evident. There is no escaping the fact. 兩句都表示：無法逃（躲）避 但是，有時也存在意義上的區(qū)別，試比較： a. There is no doubt at all about it. “存在句”，意即：對于此事不存在任何的疑問。 b. There is no doubting her virtue. 不表“存在”的一種慣用結(jié)構(gòu)，意即：她的貞操勿庸置疑。 以上三種結(jié)構(gòu)除用于陳述句外，尚可見于疑問句。如： Is there any use in discussing the matter further? 這種事再討論下去有何益處？ Is there any hurry about it? 這事需要匆忙嗎？ 此慣用結(jié)構(gòu)中的be有時可與情態(tài)動詞連用，其語氣更趨委婉。如： There could be no mistaking where he had come from. 他從哪里來是相當(dāng)清楚的。 此結(jié)構(gòu)中的no也不是一成不變的，它可被其他形式所取代。如： There isnt any getting away from it. 要從它那里逃脫是不可能的。 There was never believing half of what he said. 他的話連一半也不信。 Theres never any predicting what they will do next. 無法料及他們下一步將會干什么4