電大巖土力學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)試題及參考答案資料小抄一、填空題（每空1分，共25分）1. 土的顆粒分析試驗(yàn)最常用的室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)方法有 和 。2. 土的不均勻系數(shù)Cu= ;曲率系數(shù)Cc= 。3. 土的壓縮性指標(biāo)可以用 和 來(lái)表示，e-p曲線(xiàn)愈陡，土的壓縮性就愈 （高、低）。4 土的抗剪強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的目的，是測(cè)定土的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo) 和 。 5. 某土單元體抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)c20Kpa，大主應(yīng)力1400Kpa，則該單元體小主應(yīng)力3 Kpa時(shí)，該土處于極限平衡狀態(tài)，若3200Kpa，該土處于 狀態(tài)。6 表示巖石吸水能力的物理指標(biāo)有 和 ，兩者的比值被稱(chēng)為 ，它對(duì)于判別巖石的 具有重要意義。7. 巖石的破壞形式： 、 、 。8. 均質(zhì)巖石破壞面與主應(yīng)力面總成一定的關(guān)系，當(dāng)抗壓破壞時(shí)，破裂面與最大主應(yīng)力成 角，當(dāng)拉斷時(shí)，破裂面就是 。9. 無(wú)裂隙圍巖的應(yīng)力計(jì)算方法有 和 。10.巖滑根據(jù)滑動(dòng)面的形式，組合可分為： ， 和 。二、判斷題（每題2分，共10分）1. 不均勻系數(shù)Cu愈大，說(shuō)明土粒愈不均勻。 （ ）2. 土的壓縮模量是指在安全側(cè)限條件下豎向應(yīng)力增量與豎向應(yīng)變之比。 （ ）3. 根據(jù)莫爾-庫(kù)倫準(zhǔn)則可證明均質(zhì)巖石的破壞面法線(xiàn)與大應(yīng)力方向間夾角為（ ）4. 由于洞室圍巖的變形和破壞而作用于支護(hù)或襯砌上的壓力稱(chēng)為山巖壓力。（ ）5. 巖石浸水飽和后強(qiáng)度降低的性質(zhì)稱(chēng)為巖石的軟化性，用軟化系數(shù)表示。 （ ） 三、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題5分，共25分）1. 土的級(jí)配曲線(xiàn)的特征可用哪兩個(gè)系數(shù)來(lái)表示？這兩個(gè)系數(shù)是怎樣定義的？2. 什么叫土的抗剪強(qiáng)度?常用的試驗(yàn)方法有哪些?3. 什么叫滑坡？滑坡滑動(dòng)面的形式有幾種？4. 直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線(xiàn)可分幾段？各區(qū)段的特點(diǎn)是什么？巖石直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線(xiàn)如圖所示四、計(jì)算題（每題10分，共40分）1. 某試樣，在天然狀態(tài)下的體積為140 cm3，質(zhì)量為240g，烘干后的質(zhì)量重為190g，設(shè)土粒比重為2.67，試求該試樣的天然容重、含水量、孔隙比、飽和度。2. 有一8m厚的飽和粘土層，上下兩面均可排水，現(xiàn)從粘土層中心處取得2cm厚的試樣做固結(jié)試驗(yàn)（試樣上下均有透水石）。試樣在某級(jí)壓力下達(dá)到60的固結(jié)度需要8分鐘，則該粘土層在同樣的固結(jié)壓力作用下達(dá)到60的固結(jié)度需要多少時(shí)間？若該粘土層單面排水，所需時(shí)間為多少？（12分）3. 某巖樣C=20Kpa，若該巖樣受到最小主應(yīng)力，最大主應(yīng)力，試判斷該巖樣是否處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)？4. 某圓形洞室圍巖=25千牛/米3，埋置深度H=160米，洞的半徑米。設(shè)折減后的凝聚力MPa，求松動(dòng)壓力。 系數(shù)k1曲線(xiàn) 系數(shù)k2曲線(xiàn)參考答案一、填空題1. 土的顆粒分析試驗(yàn)最常用的室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)方法有 篩析法 和 比重計(jì)法 。2. 土的不均勻系數(shù)Cu= ;曲率系數(shù)Cc= 。3. 土的壓縮性指標(biāo)可以用 壓縮系數(shù)av 和 壓縮指數(shù)Cc 來(lái)表示，e-p曲線(xiàn)愈陡，土的壓縮性就愈 高 （高、低）。4土的抗剪強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的目的，是測(cè)定土的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)內(nèi)摩擦角和凝聚力。 5. 某土單元體抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)c20Kpa，大主應(yīng)力1400Kpa，則該單元體小主應(yīng)力3 182 Kpa時(shí)，該土處于極限平衡狀態(tài)，若3200Kpa，該土處于 穩(wěn)定 狀態(tài)。6表示巖石吸水能力的物理指標(biāo)有吸水率和飽和吸水率，兩者的比值被稱(chēng)為飽水系數(shù)，它對(duì)于判別巖石的抗凍性具有重要意義。7. 巖石的破壞形式：脆性破壞、延性破壞、弱面剪切破壞。8. 均質(zhì)巖石破壞面與主應(yīng)力面總成一定的關(guān)系，當(dāng)抗壓破壞時(shí)，破裂面與最大主應(yīng)力成角，當(dāng)拉斷時(shí)，破裂面就是最大主應(yīng)力面。9.無(wú)裂隙圍巖的應(yīng)力計(jì)算方法有內(nèi)應(yīng)力分配法和抗力系數(shù)法。10. 巖滑根據(jù)滑動(dòng)面的形式，組合可分為：平面滑動(dòng)，楔形滑動(dòng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)滑動(dòng)。二、判斷題1. 不均勻系數(shù)Cu愈大，說(shuō)明土粒愈不均勻。 （ ）2. 土的壓縮模量是指在安全側(cè)限條件下豎向應(yīng)力增量與豎向應(yīng)變之比。（ ）3. 根據(jù)莫爾庫(kù)倫準(zhǔn)則可證明均質(zhì)巖石的破壞面法線(xiàn)與大應(yīng)力方向間夾角為（）4. 由于洞室圍巖的變形和破壞而作用于支護(hù)或襯砌上的壓力稱(chēng)為山巖壓力。（ ）5. 巖石浸水飽和后強(qiáng)度降低的性質(zhì)稱(chēng)為巖石的軟化性，用軟化系數(shù)表示。（ ）五、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題5分，共25分）1. 土的級(jí)配曲線(xiàn)的特征可用哪兩個(gè)系數(shù)來(lái)表示？這兩個(gè)系數(shù)是怎樣定義的？答：不均勻系數(shù)和曲率系數(shù) ， ，為粒徑分布曲線(xiàn)上小于某粒徑的土粒含量分別為10%，30%，60%時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的粒徑。2. 什么叫土的抗剪強(qiáng)度?常用的試驗(yàn)方法有哪些?土的抗剪強(qiáng)度是指土體對(duì)于外荷載所產(chǎn)生的剪應(yīng)力的極限抵抗能力?？辜魪?qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的方法有室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)和野外試驗(yàn)等，室內(nèi)最常用的是直剪試驗(yàn)、三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)和無(wú)側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)等。野外試驗(yàn)有原位十字板剪切試驗(yàn)等。3. 確定地基承載力的方法有那些？答：(1)按土的強(qiáng)度理論確定地基承載力（普朗特極限承載力公式、太沙基極限承載力公式、魏錫克極限承載力公式）(2)規(guī)范查表方法（根據(jù)野外堅(jiān)定結(jié)果或土的物理性質(zhì)指標(biāo)查表確定）。(3)靜載荷試驗(yàn)及其它原位測(cè)試方法（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貫入試驗(yàn)、靜力觸探試驗(yàn)，輕便觸探試4. 直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線(xiàn)可分幾段？各區(qū)段的特點(diǎn)是什么？巖石直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線(xiàn)如圖所示該曲線(xiàn)共分三段。第一段：原點(diǎn)p區(qū)段，該段近似為一直線(xiàn)即變形為彈性，p為極限強(qiáng)度(即裂隙開(kāi)始發(fā)展的強(qiáng)度)；第二段：p f區(qū)段，f為峰值強(qiáng)度，該段內(nèi)裂隙發(fā)展至破壞；第三段：fo區(qū)段。o為剪斷面上的摩擦力(剩余強(qiáng)度)5. 什么叫滑坡？滑坡滑動(dòng)面的形式有幾種 當(dāng)巖坡受力過(guò)大或巖石強(qiáng)度過(guò)低，一部分巖體向下或向外滑動(dòng)叫滑坡，滑波滑動(dòng)面有三種：軟弱結(jié)構(gòu)面；結(jié)構(gòu)面；在巖體中。六、計(jì)算題（每題10分，共40分）1. 某試樣，在天然狀態(tài)下的體積為140 cm3，質(zhì)量為240g，烘干后的質(zhì)量重為190g，設(shè)土粒比重為2.67，試求該試樣的天然容重、含水量、孔隙比、飽和度。解：（1）試樣的天然容重 （2）含水量（3）孔隙比（4）飽和度 2. 有一8m厚的飽和粘土層，上下兩面均可排水，現(xiàn)從粘土層中心處取得2cm厚的試樣做固結(jié)試驗(yàn)（試樣上下均有透水石）。試樣在某級(jí)壓力下達(dá)到60的固結(jié)度需要8分鐘，則該粘土層在同樣的固結(jié)壓力作用下達(dá)到60的固結(jié)度需要多少時(shí)間？若該粘土層單面排水，所需時(shí)間為多少？（12分）解：由于原位土層和試樣土的固結(jié)度相等，且值相等，因而又土的性質(zhì)相同， （如改單面，其達(dá)到60%固結(jié)度時(shí)間為由 ， 則 3. 埋深200m處的巖體內(nèi)開(kāi)挖一硐徑為2a=2m圓形斷面隧道，如果巖體中初始地應(yīng)力為靜水壓力式，并且上覆巖層的平均容重為g/cm3，若隧道周巖的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)MPa，試用莫爾-庫(kù)侖強(qiáng)度條件評(píng)價(jià)其硐壁的穩(wěn)定性。解： 洞壁：1=2z 3=0 < (穩(wěn)定) (極限平衡) > (不穩(wěn)定)4. 某圓形洞室圍巖=25千牛/米3，埋置深度H=160米，洞的半徑米。設(shè)折減后的凝聚力MPa，求松動(dòng)壓力。 系數(shù)k1曲線(xiàn) 系數(shù)k2曲線(xiàn) 解：MPa， ，則由查圖6-27和圖6-28的曲線(xiàn)得：，所以MPa請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as "large, light, and handled with the hands." Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would "barnstorm" into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word "cagers," others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter "Doc" Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest "Phog" Allen at Kansas, Ward "Piggy" Lambert at Purdue, and Henry "Doc" Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward "Ned" Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Rochester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 19491950 season. The result was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Podoloff its first commissioner. The seventeen-team league struggled at first but soon reduced its size and gained stability, in large part because of Mikans appeal and Podoloffs skills. Despite the point-shaving scandal, college ball thrived in the 1950s, largely because it had prolific scorers and more great players than in any previous decade. Frank Selvy of Furman and Paul Arizin of Villanova both averaged over forty points early in the decade, while Clarence "Bevo" Francis of tiny Rio Grande College in Ohio amazed fans by scoring 116 points in one game while averaging 50 per game for a season. The decade also witnessed some of the most talented and complete players ever. Tom Gola at LaSalle, Bill Russell at San Francisco, Wilt Chamberlain at Kansas, Elgin Baylor at Seattle, Jerry West at West Virginia, and Oscar Robertson at Cincinnati, all had phenomenal skills that have since been the measure of other players. And in 1960 one of the best teams ever, Ohio State, won the NCAA title led by Jerry Lucas and John Havlicek. Professional basketball underwent major changes