句子成分及基本句型,by高一年級(jí)英語(yǔ)組,英語(yǔ)詞性的分類 詞類又叫詞性，英語(yǔ)單詞根據(jù)其在句子中的功用，可以分成十個(gè)大類。 1.名詞 noun n. student 學(xué)生 2.代詞 pronoun pron. you 你 3.形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的 4.副詞 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5.動(dòng)詞 verb v. cut 砍、割 6.數(shù)詞 numeral num. three 三,7.冠詞 article art. a 一個(gè) 8.介詞 preposition prep. at 在. 9.連詞 conjunction conj. and 10.感嘆詞 interjection interj. oh 哦 前六類叫實(shí)詞，后四類叫虛詞。,句子成分,主語(yǔ) subject 謂語(yǔ) predicate 賓語(yǔ) object 表語(yǔ) predicative 賓補(bǔ) complement 定語(yǔ) attribute 狀語(yǔ) adverbial 同位語(yǔ) appositive,1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主語(yǔ), 謂 語(yǔ), 定語(yǔ), 賓 語(yǔ), 同位語(yǔ), 狀 語(yǔ),（一）主語(yǔ)：,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰(shuí)”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。它在句首。,e.g. (1) Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名詞作主語(yǔ)） (2) He reads newspapers every day. （代詞作主語(yǔ)） (3) Smoking is harmful to the health. （動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)） (4) To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. (5) What we should do is not yet decided.,（不定式作主語(yǔ)）,（主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)）,（二）謂語(yǔ),說明主語(yǔ)“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語(yǔ)（謂語(yǔ)部分里主要的詞）必須是動(dòng)詞。謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語(yǔ)后面。,說明主語(yǔ)“,e.g. His parents are teachers. We study hard. We dont finish reading the book. He can speak English.,（行為動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)）,（系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)）,（助動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)）,（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)）,（三） 賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語(yǔ)做什么。一般放在謂語(yǔ)之后。,She is doing her homework now. She says（that）she is ill. We often help him. He likes to play basketball. We enjoy listening to the music.,（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）,（賓語(yǔ)從句作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）,（代詞作賓語(yǔ)）,（不定式作賓語(yǔ)）,（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)）,說明1：賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞涉及到的人或物，賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞之后。介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動(dòng)名詞，稱為介詞賓語(yǔ)。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。另外，動(dòng)詞不定式可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)；動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。,說明2：及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面要跟賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)分直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，直接賓語(yǔ)指物，間接賓語(yǔ)通常是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所及的人，間接賓語(yǔ)指人。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。 不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以用雙賓語(yǔ)。有的動(dòng)詞可以跟。如：give, show（給看），bring, pass, buy等。 e.g.（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light.,間接賓語(yǔ)如果放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后，在表示“人”的間接賓語(yǔ)之前會(huì)出現(xiàn)介詞“to”或“for”。 間接賓語(yǔ)前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答應(yīng)）, refuse（拒絕）等 間接賓語(yǔ)加“for”的有： make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等,(1) I give him a book. 改成： (2) He passes me the book. 改成： (3) He writes me a letter. 改成： (4) He will buy me some books. 改成： (5) She is making me a cake. 改成：,I give a book to him.,He passes the book to me.,He writes a letter to me.,He will buy some books for me.,She is making a cake for me.,（四）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),在賓語(yǔ)后面補(bǔ)充說明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分，稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)以及動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。,e.g. They make her happy. I see her dance. Well help you to make the Olympics a success. Please let him in. We heard her singing a song.,（形容詞）,（不定式）,（名詞）,（副詞）,（分詞短語(yǔ)）,（五）表語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。它的位置在系動(dòng)詞后面。 e.g. I am a teacher. He is always happy. They are on the playground now. It gets cold.,（名詞）,（形容詞）,（介詞短語(yǔ)）,（形容詞）,Be動(dòng)詞（am，is，are, was, were） 表保持（keep, stay, remain） 表改變（get， become， turn） 感官動(dòng)詞 feel，sound（聽起來(lái)） seem/look（看起來(lái)） taste（嘗起來(lái)） smell（聞起來(lái)） e.g. It sounds interesting. We should all remain careful.,系動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞,表語(yǔ),系動(dòng)詞,表語(yǔ),（六）定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不等式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等。 單個(gè)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。 e.g. The black bike is mine. Whats your name? They make paper flowers.,（形容詞）,（代詞）,（名詞）,說明1：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞：nothing, anything, everything, something等時(shí)，定語(yǔ)在不定代詞后面。 e.g. I tell him something interesting. （形容詞interesting作不定代詞something 的后置定語(yǔ)） He has something to do. （to do為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)） 說明2：短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。 e.g. The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介詞短語(yǔ)作the boys的后 置定語(yǔ)。）,（七）狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。狀語(yǔ)一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。,e.g. He did it carefully. We often help him. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. He sits there.,（副詞）,（副詞）,（介詞短語(yǔ)）,（從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）,（副詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）,（八）. 同位語(yǔ),當(dāng)兩個(gè)同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來(lái)說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(yǔ)。,我們有兩個(gè)孩子，一男一女,We have two children, a boy and a girl.,那人是我的老師，他從來(lái)都不騎自行車,The man, my teacher, never rides a bike.,句子類型,1、簡(jiǎn)單句：簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（或并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,2、并列句：并列句由并列連詞或分號(hào)“；”把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。如：It is late , so we must hurry.,3、復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句中含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。 如：If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 從以上并列句和復(fù)合句的例句來(lái)看，我們不難看出它們實(shí)際上是由幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句通過并列連詞或從屬連詞連接起來(lái)的。,簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型,1. 主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞(主謂) e.g. The sun rises. 太陽(yáng)升起來(lái)。 The car stopped. 小汽車停下來(lái)了。 rise和stop都是不及物動(dòng)詞，因此后邊不必加賓語(yǔ)。 2. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)(主謂賓) e.g. I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book.,3. 主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(主系表) e.g. Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.（feel為系動(dòng)詞，表示感到） It gets dark.（get為系動(dòng)詞，表示變得） Tom looks ill. （look為系動(dòng)詞，表示看上去，看起來(lái)） 4. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ) (主謂+直賓+間賓) e.g. He gives Tom a present.（雙賓語(yǔ)） Mother make a new dress for me.（雙賓語(yǔ)）,5. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)) e.g. They call her Mary.（賓補(bǔ)） We make our classroom clean and tidy.（賓補(bǔ)） He always makes us laugh.（賓補(bǔ)）,另外第六種為：there be 句型 e.g. There are 75 students in our class.,(一) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) 1. My brother hasnt done his homework. 2.People all over the world speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? 4.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 5.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,劃分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,1.You will tell （your） friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be Upstairs at dusk (when the window was open). 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thundering Clouds held me entirely in their power.,主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),間賓,定語(yǔ),直接賓語(yǔ),原因狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),翻譯以下句子,1.你的故事聽起來(lái)很有趣。 You story sounds very interesting. 2.我感到有一點(diǎn)累。 I felt a bit tired. 3.我妹妹是在農(nóng)村長(zhǎng)大的。 My younger sister grew up in the country. 4.這家醫(yī)院創(chuàng)建于1950年。 This hospital was set up in 1950. 5.他因?yàn)檐囎娱_得太快而違反了交通規(guī)則。 He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.,6、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。 He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly. 7、順便問一下，她把錢付給你了嗎？ By the way, has she paid you the money? 8、下學(xué)期誰(shuí)教你們生物？ Who will teach you biology next term? 9、他總是把他的臥室收拾得干干凈凈 He always keeps his bedroom clean. 10、什么促使你這樣想的？ What made you think so?,Thank you！,