3 Composer germson注：第六篇為2013綜合B真題，第8篇為2012年綜合B真題，所以第7、9、10為復習重點。其中第10篇為重中之重。*第六篇 Teaching and learning 教與學Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides teaching，such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer 人與電腦的區(qū)別 What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories dont yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，dont. In fact，computers dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding，it should also read for a "purpose". Of course，people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However，these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant，and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side 看光明的一面 Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always expected to be successful? Having someone around who always fears the worst isnt really a lot of fun. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says，"INooks like rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，its important to do something about it. You can change your view of life，according to psychologists. It only takes a little effort，and youll find life more rewarding as a result. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but its also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer. Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world. Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong. Most optimists，on the other hand, have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the worldthey just get on with their lives.*第九篇 The First Bicycle 第一輛自行車 The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention，a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged version of a childrens toy which had been in use for many years. Sivracs "celerifer had a wooden frame，made in the shape of a horse，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it，you sat on a small seat，just like a modem bicycle，and pushed hard against the ground with your legsthere were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celerifer and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets. Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed . Controlling the machine was difficult，as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the "celerifer" and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. "Celerifers" were not popular for long，however，as the combination of no springs，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celerifer was the origin of the modem bicycle.*第十篇 Working Mothers 職業(yè)母親 Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street. In reality, however，many parents dont have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent，while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children，its not the quantity of time you spend with them，its the quality that matters.