microscopicmess349Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reduction would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. Events outside the plant and animal affected the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities. Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys productionOne Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIts now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in-keeping these reserves ?In reality, of course, it was nave to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials.And the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again theres a good reason to keep the virus just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory thats open to all countries, The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesnt mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanity not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to1 tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a Cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer, but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answersEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we dont hear about it often,” Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the studys authors, told Reuters Health. “They often dont tell and we dont ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them.”The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse, such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior ( for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous yearRates were lower for men 55 and older, with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasnt as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women.Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor納米保健技術(shù)走向貧困國(guó)家Nanotechnology uses matter at the level 納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對(duì)象都是分子級(jí)和原子級(jí)的物質(zhì)。如今，長(zhǎng)度為一納米，即十億分之一米的粒子已被開(kāi)發(fā)出多種用途，如制造美容產(chǎn)品和抗污型服裝等。但其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家認(rèn)為潛力尤為巨大，那就是醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域。在上周于華盛頓Woodrow Wilson國(guó)際中心召開(kāi)的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目會(huì)議上，科學(xué)家們探討了如何將納米技術(shù)應(yīng)用于貧困國(guó)家人口保健的事宜。來(lái)自多倫多大學(xué)的Peter Singer聲稱一項(xiàng)名為量子點(diǎn)的納米技術(shù)可被應(yīng)用于瘧疾的診斷。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的僅用顯微鏡觀察血液樣本的方法，此技術(shù)要先進(jìn)得多。由于貧困國(guó)家往往沒(méi)有條件應(yīng)用此項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，許多健康人被誤診為瘧疾患者，而藥物的濫用又導(dǎo)致了抗藥性的產(chǎn)生。所謂量子點(diǎn)是指一些被激活后會(huì)發(fā)光的粒子，如今科學(xué)家正在研究為它們編程的方法，以便當(dāng)靶分子存在的時(shí)候就能夠通過(guò)發(fā)光來(lái)診斷疾病。納米技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性不光體現(xiàn)在疾病的診斷，還包括疾病的治療。國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski與大家共同探討了如何運(yùn)用納米技術(shù)來(lái)增強(qiáng)藥效。以一些已經(jīng)使用了納米技術(shù)的抗癌藥物為例，他指出，如果藥物可以針對(duì)癌癥病灶而不是整個(gè)人體，治療所需藥量就會(huì)大大減少，副作用也會(huì)降低。Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新興的納米技術(shù)工程部骨干科學(xué)家，他注意到巴西、印度、中國(guó)及南非正在開(kāi)發(fā)可被貧困園家所應(yīng)用的納米技術(shù)。與此同時(shí)他指出，與較大分子不同，納米材料的顆粒在人體內(nèi)和體外環(huán)境中的作用可能有所不同，因此納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，若要深入研究這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則需要更大的資金投人。research is needed to better understand these risks.1.Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?-To produce better and lighter building materials.2.How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?-By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.3.How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?-By making a drug target the focus of a disease4.The following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology EXCEPT -Iran5.Which of the following is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage?-They may behave differently in the body and the environment.Medical Journals醫(yī)學(xué)雜志Medical journals are publications that report 醫(yī)學(xué)雜志是向醫(yī)生和其他醫(yī)務(wù)人員提供醫(yī)學(xué)信息的出版物。在過(guò)去，這些雜志只有印刷版。隨著電子出版的發(fā)展，許多醫(yī)學(xué)雜志現(xiàn)在都有網(wǎng)站了，有些雜志只有網(wǎng)絡(luò)版。少數(shù)的醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，如美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)雜志，被看做是普通醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，因?yàn)樗鼈兒w了醫(yī)學(xué)的許多領(lǐng)域。大部分醫(yī)學(xué)雜志都是針對(duì)特定醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)雜志。醫(yī)學(xué)雜志登載很多類型的文章。科研論文報(bào)告調(diào)查研究的結(jié)果，內(nèi)容涵蓋基礎(chǔ)疾病機(jī)理和比較不同療法產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果的臨床試驗(yàn)。綜述文章在細(xì)致研究醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)和分析與某個(gè)特定話題相關(guān)的信息。由于個(gè)體研究之結(jié)果可能受很多因素的影響，因此將有關(guān)同一題目的不同研究之結(jié)果匯總起來(lái)，可能有助于得出有關(guān)預(yù)防、診斷或是治療某一疾病所需的科學(xué)證據(jù)的結(jié)論。病例會(huì)診和病例報(bào)告可能會(huì)登載在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上，告知醫(yī)生特定的疾病和如何治療。醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上的社論是表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)的短文章，它們經(jīng)常是針對(duì)同一期雜志上登載的一篇科研論文或綜述文章的。社論提供了一個(gè)整體看法，闡述這篇文章是怎樣和同一話題的其他信息聯(lián)系在一起的。讀者來(lái)信為醫(yī)學(xué)雜志的讀者提供了發(fā)表評(píng)論、提問(wèn)或批評(píng)雜志上登載的文章的途徑。criticisms about articles published in that journal.1.The main readers of medical journals are -health professionals.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?-Most medical journals publish only online.3.How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?-Five4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called -a review article.5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on -articles published in that journal.Cooking on Fumes Cause Tumor廚房油煙可致癌The leading cause of lung cancer among 醫(yī)學(xué)專家們經(jīng)過(guò)5年的研究調(diào)研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸煙，而女性患此絕癥的罪魁禍?zhǔn)资菑N房油煙。醫(yī)生們昨天宣布這一結(jié)果，并對(duì)肺癌患病的一些新趨勢(shì)做出分析。他們認(rèn)為病人越來(lái)越年輕化，尤其是女性。君上海腫瘤研究所統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成為繼乳腺癌之后的第二大高發(fā)病率腫瘤。海民生中醫(yī)腫瘤診療中心何裕民醫(yī)生指出：“不健康的生活習(xí)慣是致癌的一個(gè)重要原因。”他對(duì)2，276名肺癌患者進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)5年的追蹤調(diào)研。這些患者中有1，483名是男性。報(bào)告顯示，案例中男性患者中70qo是由吸煙誘發(fā)癌癥的，而只有18%的女性患者是由于吸煙或被迫吸人二手煙才誘發(fā)癌癥的。然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都長(zhǎng)期接觸廚房油煙并主訴眼睛和喉嚨疼痛難受。大約32%的女性在滾開(kāi)的油里煎炸食物而廚房卻密不透風(fēng)。而大約25%的女性居住的臥室緊鄰廚房。但是，婦女們知道廚房油煙可以致癌時(shí)都很驚訝。其中一些人表示要改變準(zhǔn)備飲食的方式?！拔颐刻於嫉孟聫N做飯，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45歲的婦女說(shuō)，“我知道油煙對(duì)皮膚不好，但是還是第一次聽(tīng)說(shuō)油煙竟能致癌。我以后要少煎炸食物?！贬t(yī)生們認(rèn)為，女性患肺癌和個(gè)人健康及身體狀況聯(lián)系極少，但和腫瘤家族病史、不健康的飲食習(xí)慣和脆弱的免疫系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系緊密。其他專家同意何醫(yī)生的意見(jiàn)。吸煙已經(jīng)成為誘發(fā)男性肺癌最最大的因素，“上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院呼吸道疾病研究所名譽(yù)主席譚彬用指出，“二手煙和廚房油煙的確是誘發(fā)女性肺癌的主要原因。”他的研究同時(shí)也警告人們不要站在賣油炸食品的攤點(diǎn)旁，因?yàn)樗麄兪褂玫挠投际橇淤|(zhì)的。專家稱，如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間接受油煙，患肺癌的幾率有常人的3倍那么高。the fume for a long time, experts said1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?-Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?-Breast cancer.3.What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?-Irritated eyes and throat.4.What was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?-Surprised.5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer?-Personal health and physical condition.Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women孕期婦女宜多補(bǔ)充多維制劑A recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant 近日，來(lái)自坦桑尼亞的研究顯示，孕期婦女若每日補(bǔ)充適量多種維生素制劑，則新生兒體重過(guò)輕（即少于2. 5kg）的幾率將明顯減少。專家指出，體重過(guò)輕的新生兒死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要大大高于正常體重的新生兒，且即使幸存下來(lái)，其成年后患很多疾病如心臟病和糖尿病的幾率也會(huì)高于常人。世界衛(wèi)生組織估算，每年全世界有2，000萬(wàn)體重過(guò)輕的嬰兒誕生，其中有90%出生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。此次研究試驗(yàn)在坦桑尼亞首都達(dá)累斯薩拉姆舉行，共有4，200名懷孕婦女參加了實(shí)驗(yàn)她們服用的多維制劑包括所有B族維生素、維生素C和維生素E，同時(shí)還包括劑量超出發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家給婦女的建議服用量數(shù)倍的鐵和葉酸鹽。因?yàn)樵衅趮D女較常人更容易發(fā)生維生素和礦物質(zhì)攝人不足的現(xiàn)象，尤其是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。作為對(duì)照組，研究者給另外4，000名孕婦服用了不含有維生素的安慰劑。來(lái)自美國(guó)和坦桑尼亞的科學(xué)家們共同撰寫了實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告，并刊登在新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上，其中來(lái)自哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的Wafaie Fawzi為此次研究的組織者。參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的所有懷孕婦女均非艾滋病病毒攜帶者。而在更早的來(lái)自坦桑尼亞的研究報(bào)告中科學(xué)家曾指出，每日補(bǔ)充多維制劑對(duì)于已感染艾滋病的孕婦來(lái)說(shuō)是一種減少胎兒死亡幾率的成本較低的方式。研究同時(shí)檢測(cè)到，孕婦在服用多維制劑后其血液中的淋巴細(xì)胞水平將會(huì)上升，而淋巴細(xì)胞可以增強(qiáng)人體免疫系統(tǒng)抵御傳染病的功能。此次新的研究試驗(yàn)表明，補(bǔ)充多維制劑可以顯著降低新生兒體重過(guò)輕的概率。服用維生素的孕婦組中，過(guò)輕嬰兒的比重為總數(shù)的8%，而服用安慰劑的對(duì)照組中，過(guò)輕嬰兒的-比重接近9.5%。雖然對(duì)于降低孕婦早產(chǎn)率和死胎率方面，維生素的作用并不明顯。最后，科學(xué)家呼吁，發(fā)展中國(guó)家應(yīng)努力為所有孕期婦女及時(shí)補(bǔ)充多種維生素。for all pregnant women in developing countries1.How many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?-2,000,000.2.A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPT -antiviral substances.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage?-To reduce the rate of babies born too early.4.What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?-To raise the bodys immunity against infection.5.How many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?-Less than 8%.U.S.Eats Too Much Salt美國(guó)人吃鹽過(guò)量People in the United States consume more than美國(guó)人的食鹽量比推薦食用量的兩倍還多，這增加了他們罹患高血壓、心臟病以及中風(fēng)的危險(xiǎn)，政府部門的健康專家周二表示。健康專家發(fā)現(xiàn)近七成的美國(guó)成年人屬于高危人群，如果他們的日食鹽量降至1，500毫克，則會(huì)從中受益，然而大多數(shù)美國(guó)成年人的日食鹽量接近3，500毫克。“少吃鹽對(duì)人們很重要。采用低鈉并富含鉀、鈣的飲食方式有助于維持心臟健康、改善血壓”，疾病預(yù)防控制中心的達(dá)爾文拉巴德博土在一份聲明中談到。“人們需要了解推薦日食鈉量的限制并采取措施減少鈉的攝人量”，拉巴德說(shuō)。疾病預(yù)防控制中心每周公布的有關(guān)死亡和疾病的研究報(bào)告采用了全國(guó)普查的數(shù)據(jù)，結(jié)果顯示三分之二的成年人的日食鈉量均不應(yīng)超過(guò)1500毫克，因?yàn)樗麄兪潜灰暈楦撸何Ｈ巳旱暮谌嘶蛘吣挲g超過(guò)40歲的人。然而根據(jù)疾病預(yù)防控制中心2005-2006年的估計(jì)，美國(guó)大多數(shù)人的日食鈉量為3436毫克。大多數(shù)食用鈉都來(lái)自于袋裝的、加工過(guò)的和餐廳食品。疾病預(yù)防控制中心稱其將和美國(guó)衛(wèi)生與公共服務(wù)部的其他部門一道聯(lián)手主要食品生產(chǎn)商和連鎖餐廳，降低食品供應(yīng)中的鈉含量。全國(guó)已有1600萬(wàn)人罹患心臟病，估計(jì)還有580萬(wàn)人已患中風(fēng)。減少食鹽量可以使患這些疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低，疾病預(yù)防控制中心稱can reduce these risks, the CDC said.1.Too much salt raises ones risk for -all of the above.2.How much salt do most American adults eat per day?-Closer to 3,500 mg.3.To improve their blood pressure, people should have a diet -rich in potassium and calcium.4.The high-risk groups include those -both A and B(A-who are black.B-who are over the age of 40.)5.Packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to be -rich in salt.Pushbike Peril自行車的危險(xiǎn)Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure 兒童騎慢車跌倒時(shí)，如果撞在車把兩端，會(huì)受重傷甚至喪命。因此，一些工程師正在重新設(shè)計(jì)這種欠合理的車把，以使其更安全。賓夕法尼亞州費(fèi)城的兒童醫(yī)院的生物工程師Kristy Arbogast和她的同事開(kāi)始，做這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是在一項(xiàng)研究有了結(jié)果之后，這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果表明在過(guò)去的30年里，超過(guò)1/3的兒童腹部受重傷的情況起因于自行車事故。她說(shuō)：“要做的工作就是找出受傷的原因及其對(duì)策?！蓖ㄟ^(guò)訪問(wèn)這些孩子和他們的家長(zhǎng)，Arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的許多事故，并且確認(rèn)一個(gè)共同的機(jī)械裝置造成了這些嚴(yán)重傷害。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分傷害發(fā)生在孩子慢速撞到某種使他們跌倒的障礙物的時(shí)候。為了保持平衡，他們把車把轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)90度但是他們的沖力使他們壓進(jìn)車把一端中。然后車子摔倒，車把的另一頭碰到地面，把它壓人他們的腹部。這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)得出的解決方法是裝有彈簧和減幅系統(tǒng)的手柄。在撞擊過(guò)程中，握柄上的彈簧會(huì)吸收掉50%沿車把傳遞的沖撞力。這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)希望能夠使這種裝置商業(yè)化，這只需要自行車的價(jià)格提高幾美元。Arbogast說(shuō)：“但是我們的任務(wù)是教育，因?yàn)槠駷橹梗孕熊囍圃焐踢€沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題?！边@個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)還通過(guò)美國(guó)消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品安全委員會(huì)努力說(shuō)服制造商采納新設(shè)計(jì)。今年晚些時(shí)候可望有所決定。design. A decision is expected later this year.1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because -they may kill children.2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries -to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses -how serious injuries occur.4.The passage implies that -it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design.5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work?-It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents.Late-Night Drinking在深夜飲咖啡Coffee lovers beware咖啡愛(ài)好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神的咖啡會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響你的睡眠，跟興奮劑一樣，咖啡因會(huì)擾亂褪黑激素的自由流動(dòng)，這種褪黑激素是大腦里促人睡眠的一種荷爾蒙。在上床睡覺(jué)前約2小時(shí)的時(shí)候褪黑激素含量開(kāi)始上升，在凌晨2點(diǎn)到4點(diǎn)達(dá)到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大學(xué)斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研究中心的Maurice Ohayon說(shuō)：“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時(shí)候睡覺(jué)，什么時(shí)候醒來(lái)?！倍陨械难芯咳藛T們發(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因的咖啡使這種睡眠荷爾蒙濃度降至一半。Lotan Shilo和Tel Aviv大學(xué)“Sapir醫(yī)學(xué)中心”的一組人員，在給六位志愿者做試驗(yàn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)陲嬃丝Х纫虻目Х群蟊蕊嬃嗣摽Х纫虻目Х群笏哔|(zhì)量要差。平均來(lái)說(shuō)，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡眠時(shí)間為336分鐘，而喝了脫咖啡因的咖啡后則睡415分鐘。同時(shí)他們得花半個(gè)小時(shí)入睡，是通常情況的兩倍，另外，他們?cè)诖采陷氜D(zhuǎn)次數(shù)也要長(zhǎng)一倍。在實(shí)驗(yàn)的第二階段，研究人員每三個(gè)小時(shí)便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他們提供尿樣。Shilo檢驗(yàn)了他們褪黑激素分解產(chǎn)物的濃度，結(jié)果顯示，咖啡因攝入者體內(nèi)的褪黑激素是非咖啡因攝入者的一半。在睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)刊物上發(fā)表的文章中，研究人員暗示說(shuō)，褪黑激素的生成由酶來(lái)促成，而咖啡因阻止了酶的生成。因?yàn)橐ㄔS多小時(shí)的時(shí)間才能將身體中的咖啡因除去，Ohayon建議咖啡愛(ài)好者應(yīng)在午后換喝脫咖啡因的咖啡。that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that -coffee is a stimulant.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?-Caffeine halves the bodys levels of sleep hormone.3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?-Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?-Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.The author of this passage probably agrees that -we should not drink coffee after supper.Eat Healthy健康飲食Clean your plate! and Be a member of the “把盤子里的東西吃完了！”“要成為一名清盤俱樂(lè)部的成員！”，幾乎每一個(gè)美國(guó)小孩都會(huì)聽(tīng)到父母親或祖父母這樣的嘮叨。父母親或祖父母?jìng)冞€經(jīng)常會(huì)加上一句懇求的話： “捐捐那些饑餓的非洲孤兒吧，多可憐啊！我們的確應(yīng)該為每一口食物充滿感激。但不幸的是，很多美國(guó)人吃得太多了。也許我們應(yīng)該為明天節(jié)約一些糧食，而不是堅(jiān)持“把盤子里的東西吃完”。據(jù)新聞報(bào)道，美國(guó)的餐館應(yīng)該為美國(guó)人日益增大的肚腩負(fù)一部分責(zé)任。今日美國(guó)刊登的一個(gè)故事，服務(wù)員給每個(gè)顧客提供的一盤食物的量是政府推薦的二至四倍。美國(guó)人傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)為有量才有質(zhì)，所以大多數(shù)餐館都試圖迎合顧客們的這一想法。他們寧愿被抱怨提供了過(guò)多的食物也不愿意被投訴提供的食物太少。芭芭拉。羅爾斯是賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的一位營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)教授。在接受今日美國(guó)采訪時(shí)她說(shuō)道：“從20世紀(jì)70年代起，美國(guó)的餐館就開(kāi)始提供越來(lái)越大份的食物；也就是從這個(gè)時(shí)候起，美國(guó)人的腰圍也變得越來(lái)越粗了?！苯】祵＜乙呀?jīng)試著讓很多餐館提供分量小一些的食物。顯然，現(xiàn)在很多顧客也為此而呼吁。據(jù)，QSR雜志（美國(guó)的一份餐飲業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)雜志）報(bào)道：在上個(gè)月對(duì)4，000多人所做的一次調(diào)查中，有57%的人認(rèn)為餐館提供的食物分量太大了，23%的人沒(méi)有發(fā)表看法，還有20010的人不同意此看法。但是再仔細(xì)看看調(diào)查結(jié)果，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多買不起精美菜肴的美國(guó)人還是喜歡買大分量食物。在年收入15萬(wàn)美元以上的人群中，70%的人更愿意買分量小一點(diǎn)的食物；但在年收入少于2.5萬(wàn)美元的人群中，只有45%的人愿意買分量小一點(diǎn)的食物。事情是這樣的，不是美國(guó)的工人不想吃得健康一點(diǎn)，而是美國(guó)工人覺(jué)得做許多個(gè)小時(shí)低收人的工種下來(lái)，盤子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。他們是指望薪金支票過(guò)日子的，希望能為來(lái)年的圣誕節(jié)節(jié)約一些錢來(lái)買圣誕禮物。little money for next years Christmas presents1.Parents in the United States tend to ask their children -not to waste food.2.Why do American restaurants serve large portions?-Because Americans associate quantity with value.3.What happened in the 1970s?-The American waistline started to expand.4.What does the survey indicate?-Many poor Americans want large portions.5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?-They dont want to be healthy eaters.U.S.to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January美國(guó)將在一月啟動(dòng)一項(xiàng)耗資32億美元的兒童健康研究項(xiàng)目A study that will cost $3. 2 billion and 美國(guó)衛(wèi)生部門官員在星期五稱：美國(guó)將在一月啟動(dòng)一項(xiàng)耗資32億美元、將持續(xù)20余年的研究項(xiàng)目，此項(xiàng)目將對(duì)10萬(wàn)名美國(guó)兒童從出生前到21歲的健康狀況進(jìn)行跟蹤研究。來(lái)自美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院的官員稱：他們希望此項(xiàng)將在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的105個(gè)地點(diǎn)展開(kāi)的研究，將有助于識(shí)別兒童早期生活對(duì)日后發(fā)展的影響，其目標(biāo)是研究出新的治療和防止疾病的方法。此項(xiàng)研究將對(duì)遺傳和環(huán)境兩個(gè)因素進(jìn)行測(cè)試6環(huán)境因素如嬰兒接觸的某種有損健康的化學(xué)品。研究院表示，研究人員將收集研究對(duì)象的基因和生物樣本，以及母嬰生活環(huán)境當(dāng)中的空氣、水、灰塵和建筑材料的樣本。這些官員稱目前此項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)花費(fèi)2億美元，而這項(xiàng)研究預(yù)計(jì)耗資32億美元。擔(dān)任美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生院尤尼斯肯尼迪施萊佛美國(guó)國(guó)立兒童健康和人類發(fā)展中心的負(fù)責(zé)人的杜安亞歷山大博士對(duì)記者說(shuō)：“我們期待從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，此項(xiàng)研究成果將有利于國(guó)家衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用開(kāi)支的節(jié)約。”此項(xiàng)研究將于一月開(kāi)始，屆時(shí)北卡羅琳娜大學(xué)和紐約西奈山醫(yī)學(xué)院將開(kāi)始與報(bào)名參加此研究的孕婦簽約，合約中規(guī)定這些將要出生的孩子將被此項(xiàng)目跟蹤調(diào)查至21歲。據(jù)此項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人皮特沙伊特稱，早期的研究將圍繞導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)現(xiàn)象的因素展開(kāi)，這種現(xiàn)象近年來(lái)已越發(fā)普遍。究院稱，研究對(duì)象將從農(nóng)村、城市和郊區(qū)廣泛選取，他們涵蓋不同的收入階層和受教育程度，以及不同的種族。from all racial groups, the NIH said.1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to -prevent or treat illness.2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT -samples of air and water from hospitals.3.It is expected that t