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1、 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文 學(xué) 院 土木與交通工程工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 工程管理 年級(jí)班級(jí) 2008級(jí)(2)班 學(xué) 號(hào) 3108003465 姓 名 指導(dǎo)教師 2012年6月 目 錄 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 1 1、project cost management 1 2、the status of construction cost management 1 3、Engin

2、eering cost management and cost management union 2 4、The decision-making phase of the project cost management 3 5、In the stage of construction project implementation units in engineering cost management 4 5.1、Bidding construction unit bidding system 4 5.2 Construction stage 4 5.2.1 B

3、uilding plan 5 5.2.2 Strictly to change project budget control in the estimate 5 5.2.3 Project site visa formalities 5 5.2.4 The detailed list of engineering quantity, strictly review 6 5.2.5 Control of material consumption, determine the price 6 外文文獻(xiàn)譯文 6 1、工程造價(jià)管理的內(nèi)涵 6 2、工程造價(jià)管理的現(xiàn)狀 7

4、 3、工程造價(jià)管理與成本管理的結(jié)合 8 4、決策階段的工程造價(jià)管理 9 5、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的施工單位工程造價(jià)管理 9 5.1、招標(biāo)施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)制度 9 5.2、施工階段 10 5.2.1、建筑計(jì)劃 10 5.2.2、嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在預(yù)算內(nèi) 10 5.2.3、工程量清單，嚴(yán)格審查 11 5.2.4控制材料消耗，合理確定材料價(jià)格 11 外文翻譯原文 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is th

5、e basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：

6、cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy 1、project cost management Even under the WTO and Chinas accession to the world community, Chinas construction industry h

7、ow to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of co

8、ntrol of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implem

9、entation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cos

10、t of the approved limits. 2、the status of construction cost management Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activ

11、ities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, ap

12、proval, management authority, and so on. 3、Engineering cost management and cost management union With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the

13、 systems many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time un

14、der the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy. In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be

15、 no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out inves

16、tment plans to play a major role. As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditi

17、onal practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology, First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost manageme

18、nt makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building depart

19、ments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. 4、The decision-making phase of the project cost management Our task now is t

20、o be modern and cost management in line with Chinas national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An invest

21、ment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the projects technical and economic d

22、ecision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control. Chinas current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price,

23、 and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national

24、economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes proje

25、ct cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something. The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better

26、. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the projects technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after the completion of the projec

27、t and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role. 5、In the stage of construction project implementation units in engineerin

28、g cost management In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment. At prese

29、nt, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in

30、the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works. 5.

31、1、Bidding construction unit bidding system Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects: 5.2、Construction stage ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construc

32、tion of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departmen

33、ts for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds. ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scie

34、ntific and reliability. ⅲ Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully a

35、nalyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure. ⅳ To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficien

36、t grounds. Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable econ

37、omic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level. The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, Chinas building control very effective, investment p

38、rojects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significa

39、nce, however the project cost is the primary means of control design, Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost cont

40、rol is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase

41、of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: ⅰ As the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality product

42、s in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from tw

43、o different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, a

44、nd not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select th

45、e design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on. 外文翻譯譯文 設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)管理 摘要 工程造價(jià)管理的基本內(nèi)容，合理確定和有效控制工程造價(jià)。描述現(xiàn)階段的工程造

46、價(jià)管理的情況，加強(qiáng)了各階段的工程造價(jià)管理工作的重要性，并提出了若干關(guān)鍵性舉措。目前大部分的業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)階段很少工程的成本控制,而他們認(rèn)為成本的設(shè)計(jì)不會(huì)有太大的影響,這是不對(duì)的,相反的,設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制是最重要的一步。 關(guān)鍵詞：成本的施工項(xiàng)目成本管理的現(xiàn)狀，投資決策階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段的實(shí)施階段的成本管理在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì) 1、 工程造價(jià)管理的內(nèi)涵 即使在世貿(mào)組織和中國(guó)加入國(guó)際社會(huì)，中國(guó)建筑業(yè)如何有效控制施工成本的建設(shè)與管理的一個(gè)重要組成部分。然而，目前的預(yù)算為建筑項(xiàng)目估算，預(yù)算，超預(yù)算決算的“超級(jí)三”仍然很普遍，最終導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的工程投資控制。工程造價(jià)管理的基本內(nèi)容，合理確定和有效控制工程造價(jià)。

47、設(shè)計(jì)選定的質(zhì)量水平直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)水平, 而設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的水平,直接影響定價(jià)的工程量。不同的設(shè)計(jì)單位對(duì)同一項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)是不同的。同一項(xiàng)目的不同設(shè)計(jì)研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價(jià)就存在分歧之間,我們假設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)由兩個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)計(jì), 施工圖完成后,所要求的咨詢(xún)單位成本做預(yù)算。當(dāng)然不同設(shè)計(jì)院的項(xiàng)目的總成本是絕對(duì)不一樣的, 而不一定是成本高,比設(shè)計(jì)成本低,良好的設(shè)計(jì)往往是成本低,我們都知道,每個(gè)人有不同的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格,不同層次的設(shè)計(jì)作品自然 因此選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是管制的第一步。通過(guò)招標(biāo)選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是一個(gè)很好的方法,在招標(biāo)文件中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明這方面的要求,成本控制目標(biāo)等等。 作為項(xiàng)目成本項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)

48、過(guò)程，逐步可以分為投資決策階段，設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施階段。所謂工程造價(jià)的有效控制是優(yōu)化施工方案和設(shè)計(jì)方案的基礎(chǔ)上，在建設(shè)過(guò)程中的所有階段，運(yùn)用一定的方法和措施，降低成本的項(xiàng)目有一個(gè)合理的范圍和成本控制在批準(zhǔn)的范圍。 2、 工程造價(jià)管理的現(xiàn)狀 工程造價(jià)管理工作的現(xiàn)狀，工程造價(jià)管理制度形成于50年代，80年代一起完善。性能的國(guó)家直接參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的管理。規(guī)定在設(shè)計(jì)階段不同的估計(jì)或預(yù)算編制以及政府有關(guān)部門(mén)；沒(méi)有制定預(yù)算，內(nèi)容，方法和審批，預(yù)算將提供固定成本的設(shè)備和材料和固定價(jià)格的預(yù)算編制，審批，管理機(jī)構(gòu)，等。隨著歷史進(jìn)程，恢復(fù)后，改革和發(fā)展，形成了比較完整的概預(yù)算定額管理系統(tǒng)。但是，隨著社會(huì)主義市

49、場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，系統(tǒng)的許多問(wèn)題也暴露。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，概算是根據(jù)直接參與管理國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)為前提。企業(yè)是不實(shí)際的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體。由于特色的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)，并且，在時(shí)間條件下的生產(chǎn)力，勢(shì)必成為一種短缺經(jīng)濟(jì)。成功的投資計(jì)劃估計(jì)將接近一般建設(shè)工程范圍內(nèi)的投資。 這意味著兩個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)合約,將幫助設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)會(huì),以確保獲選設(shè)計(jì) 先進(jìn)的技術(shù),獨(dú)特的新穎性,適應(yīng)性,以及控制工程造價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì),該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)巧妙構(gòu)思, 當(dāng)代降低工程成本上動(dòng)腦筋,以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量, 力爭(zhēng)把設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制批準(zhǔn)的投資上限。 在嚴(yán)重的商品短缺的條件下，只要有一定的投資水平，將某些產(chǎn)出。在這種環(huán)境下，項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃和技術(shù)

50、論證，就沒(méi)有經(jīng)濟(jì)的分析。國(guó)家控制項(xiàng)目成本構(gòu)成要素的設(shè)備和材料價(jià)格，工資和稅收的分配。在這個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，預(yù)算估計(jì)為核準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目成本，幫助政府進(jìn)行投資計(jì)劃中發(fā)揮重要作用。 3、工程造價(jià)管理與成本管理的結(jié)合 隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的建立，要求我們預(yù)測(cè)項(xiàng)目的投資控制。近年來(lái)，國(guó)際投資的項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)的要求事先預(yù)控和中間控制。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)做法，以客觀上造成決策，實(shí)現(xiàn)重，輕的經(jīng)濟(jì)與技術(shù)，首先，在受害的后果，由于技術(shù)人員的工程技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念和意識(shí)淡薄，成本控制，成本管理，使質(zhì)量難以提高。項(xiàng)目成本控制是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。其次，各階段的項(xiàng)目管理鑒于上述情況，我的第一次學(xué)術(shù)界在上世紀(jì)80年代作了全過(guò)程造

51、價(jià)管理和控制的概念，建設(shè)部門(mén)將進(jìn)行可行性研究的項(xiàng)目和預(yù)算、決算擴(kuò)展的要求，提出了相應(yīng)的規(guī)定，我們的成本管理觀念和方法一個(gè)新的高度?？刂乒こ坛杀?是合理的 該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下,在投資決策階段, 設(shè)計(jì)及建造階段的項(xiàng)目,把項(xiàng)目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi),力爭(zhēng)在各項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會(huì)效益。 項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這將要求施工單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。 執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過(guò)程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部

52、分：投標(biāo)管理施工管理和結(jié)算管理。 我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是將現(xiàn)代成本管理符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的目標(biāo)，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立完善的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律的工程造價(jià)管理體系，努力提高項(xiàng)目成本水平。投資決策階段的工程造價(jià)管理建設(shè)項(xiàng)目投資決策階段是提出項(xiàng)目建議；進(jìn)行可行性研究，以確定投資估算和設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的最后準(zhǔn)備。在這個(gè)階段，該項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)決策，對(duì)建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的工程建成后的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有著決定性的影響，施工成本控制是一個(gè)重要的階段。中國(guó)現(xiàn)階段工程成本項(xiàng)目管理為目的的結(jié)算價(jià)格，只注重施工過(guò)程成本控制，忽視之前開(kāi)始的項(xiàng)目投資決策階段的造價(jià)控制。投資決策階段的投資項(xiàng)目，估計(jì)是一個(gè)重要的決策依據(jù)。它直接影響

53、國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融分析結(jié)果的可靠性和準(zhǔn)確性。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)階段的前期工作的項(xiàng)目，信息不完全，可比的作品或多或少信息積累相對(duì)較小，估計(jì)不足，科學(xué)。制定項(xiàng)目成本管理和成本的工人是很難在這個(gè)階段做某事。各階段的工程造價(jià)控制在決策階段工程造價(jià)控制。對(duì)項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃階段的成本，許多業(yè)主有錯(cuò)誤的理解方式，降低成本，更好的。成本控制不是單方面的問(wèn)題，而應(yīng)是一個(gè)因素，結(jié)合實(shí)際，綜合考慮。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目投資決策階段，項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)決策，工程費(fèi)用項(xiàng)目建成后的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，具有舉足輕重的作用，項(xiàng)目成本控制是一個(gè)重要的階段，合理確定和控制工程方向的準(zhǔn)確定位和建設(shè)成本優(yōu)化的指導(dǎo)作用。 4、決策階段的工程造價(jià)管理 在決策階段最重要的是做好可

54、行性研究，工作做得好，投資回報(bào)率和能形成良好的比例。否則，更多的投資，有效減少，導(dǎo)致失去控制和投資的浪費(fèi)。施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定；當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問(wèn)題已離開(kāi)初級(jí)工程造價(jià)的因素。因此,在施工過(guò)程中,我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過(guò)任何更改設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模,提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級(jí)控制,限額簽證”制度。有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì),尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場(chǎng)代表,監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字,并應(yīng)提前這種變化,減少損失, 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢(shì)必造成重大變更損失。因此

55、,建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造價(jià)管理專(zhuān)業(yè)人員常駐施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng),掌握在任何時(shí)候控制工程造價(jià)的變化。 5、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的單位工程造價(jià)管理 控制工程成本,是合理的 該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下,在投資決策階段, 設(shè)計(jì)及建造階段的項(xiàng)目,把項(xiàng)目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi),力爭(zhēng)在各項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會(huì)效益。 項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這將要求施工單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。 執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過(guò)程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)

56、部分：投標(biāo)管理施工管理和結(jié)算管理。 5.1 招標(biāo)施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)制度 控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段,申辦組織,可以提高成本效益的工程,并確保工程質(zhì)量, 縮短建設(shè)周期,投資回報(bào), 施工單位可充分利用招標(biāo)的手段,有效控制成本。 施工編號(hào)10月7部令發(fā)布了“合同與施工合同定價(jià)管理” 明確指出,在工程招標(biāo)使用庫(kù)存。這就要求建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行招標(biāo), 在招標(biāo)文件中,不僅包括通常的內(nèi)容如債券投標(biāo)前附表,招標(biāo)債券合同的條件、合同協(xié)議條款、合同格式、技術(shù)規(guī)格、圖紙、招標(biāo)文件及其他參考格式,還必須提供工程清單招標(biāo)作為參考文件的重要組成部分。 建設(shè)單位在招標(biāo)文件中的工程量清單, 按照國(guó)家或地方頒布的規(guī)則的計(jì)

57、算方法,統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目劃分, 統(tǒng)一計(jì)量單位,統(tǒng)一的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙加以計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì)安排,取得名單。 數(shù)量應(yīng)遵循的籌備工作客觀,公正,科學(xué),合理的原則。編寫(xiě)者必須有一定的知識(shí)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和施工經(jīng)驗(yàn), 以及材料與機(jī)械施工技術(shù)全面的科學(xué)知識(shí),為了計(jì)算容積的工程無(wú)重大遺漏。此基礎(chǔ)上,必須符合國(guó)家規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則與分包工程處工程單位,并按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙,設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的愛(ài)情招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定計(jì)算量的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該有一個(gè)綜合測(cè)試,作品必須簡(jiǎn)單,雖然不露出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤定價(jià)項(xiàng)目,要保證正確的工程。應(yīng)該要求的不同等級(jí)分開(kāi)工程部,情況則有所不同, 我們可能有不同的價(jià)格,為項(xiàng)目分開(kāi)。這就要求編寫(xiě)清單編制人員,認(rèn)真研究設(shè)計(jì)圖紙, 分析招標(biāo)文

58、件中包括的工作內(nèi)容及不同的技術(shù)要求, 大家熟悉的過(guò)程,并到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)認(rèn)真調(diào)查,預(yù)計(jì),以使施工的情況下,會(huì)對(duì)價(jià)格項(xiàng)目得以打破。此外, 因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目清單計(jì)算數(shù)額的項(xiàng)目是不完整的工程,并考慮利益施工單位,顯然付出代價(jià)相同的總體價(jià)格 該工程量清單的數(shù)量,實(shí)際建設(shè)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義。 5.2施工階段 施工階段的施工方案,是基于預(yù)算或建安工程合同價(jià)的目標(biāo),控制工程造價(jià)?，F(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)護(hù)余地小,但可能性是浪費(fèi)很大。從而控制成本的項(xiàng)目給予足夠的重視。 5.2.1 建筑計(jì)劃 加強(qiáng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了重新的工作內(nèi)容,合理的施工方案,縮短建設(shè)工期,確保三峽工程質(zhì)量, 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,施工方案正確,從技

59、術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了比較, 通過(guò)定性和定量分析,質(zhì)量,時(shí)間,成本三項(xiàng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和財(cái)力,取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,良好的施工管理人員之間的關(guān)系, 全面成本管理是一個(gè)重要途徑。 5.2.2 嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在概算內(nèi) 施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定；當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問(wèn)題已離開(kāi)初級(jí)工程造價(jià)的因素。因此,在施工過(guò)程中,我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過(guò)任何更改設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模,提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級(jí)控制,限額簽證”制度。有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì),尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單

60、位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場(chǎng)代表,監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字,并應(yīng)提前這種變化,減少損失, 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢(shì)必造成重大變更損失。因此,建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造價(jià)管理專(zhuān)業(yè)人員常駐施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng),掌握在任何時(shí)候控制工程造價(jià)的變化。 5.2.3 工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù) 通過(guò)嚴(yán)格控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)督制度, 建立專(zhuān)門(mén)的部門(mén), 專(zhuān)業(yè)人員使用的專(zhuān)業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理,以避免項(xiàng)目管理人員只是簽證不是經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象。投資失控造成嚴(yán)重后果，嚴(yán)重改變簽證程序,要采取建設(shè),監(jiān)理方、工地代表共同簽名的方式,以確保變更,簽證的真實(shí)性,合法性, 經(jīng)濟(jì)和避免欺詐的現(xiàn)象,由此產(chǎn)生的糾紛。 在施工過(guò)程中,建設(shè)單位要加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)

61、場(chǎng)施工管理, 督促施工方按圖施工,嚴(yán)格控制變更的談判,代用材料, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證,以及各種預(yù)算外額外勞動(dòng)力成本的必要修改,應(yīng)做一次后發(fā)生變化的及時(shí)變化,計(jì)算的工作量和費(fèi)用的情況發(fā)生了巨大變化,以把握在任何時(shí)候項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用水平,以避免積壓的工作,真正的工程造價(jià)。 施工單位代表到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督,做好記錄,特別是隱蔽記錄和簽證, 減少結(jié)算及格現(xiàn)象。不少工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證是沒(méi)有這么嚴(yán)重,給工程帶來(lái)了非常大的麻煩, 導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證的嚴(yán)格管理,施工階段的工程成本控制的關(guān)鍵。 5.2.4 工程量清單,嚴(yán)格審查 對(duì)項(xiàng)目的審查清單監(jiān)理工程師名單的措施來(lái)控制工程。工程量清單提供的措施清單,是為了完成建設(shè)項(xiàng)

62、目, 發(fā)生在施工前和工程施工過(guò)程中技術(shù),生活,安全等方面的非工程實(shí)體。在這個(gè)階段,因?yàn)樵S多項(xiàng)目都是在施工圖及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不完善的招標(biāo)等到施工招標(biāo)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)況,有更好的機(jī)會(huì)。監(jiān)理工程師地址收集第一手資料,逐項(xiàng)考核鑒定,不作修改。 5.2.5 控制材料消耗,合理確定材料價(jià)格 工程造價(jià)控制材料價(jià)格的控制是主要的, 材料費(fèi)在工程中往往占有很大的比重,一般占預(yù)算費(fèi)用的70% 。占直接成本的80%。有必要在施工階段嚴(yán)格按照合同金額材料控制, 材料訂定合理價(jià)格,以有效地控制工程造價(jià)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)物資供應(yīng)各種渠道,品種及價(jià)格范圍的材料, 施工單位預(yù)算管理和外勤人員應(yīng)密切注意市場(chǎng)行情 隨著工程進(jìn)度的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),

63、市場(chǎng), 另一方面,在信息化建設(shè)和物資竣工決算提供了有力依據(jù)。 因此，要在投資決策階段有效控制工程造價(jià)，必須做好以下幾方面： ⅰ執(zhí)行建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和企業(yè)問(wèn)責(zé)制，建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從規(guī)劃到實(shí)施的全過(guò)程和使用的資金償還責(zé)任到人。除了建立一個(gè)法律制度和工程監(jiān)理配套機(jī)制，由行業(yè)主管部門(mén)和監(jiān)察部門(mén)設(shè)立一個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)小組，監(jiān)督資金的使用。 ⅱ實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度來(lái)分析市場(chǎng)，避免盲目的項(xiàng)目決策，減少和降低投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。充分考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，更具有科學(xué)性和可靠性設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。 ⅲ資本融資必須有一個(gè)正式的承諾文件，當(dāng)事人必須做投資資金到位和資金必須有文件，確保項(xiàng)目可以批準(zhǔn)后實(shí)施的計(jì)劃。對(duì)各種貸款條件應(yīng)仔細(xì)分析，以減少負(fù)擔(dān)的利

64、息和還款壓力。 ⅳ加強(qiáng)工程地質(zhì)，水文，地質(zhì)，土地，水，電，運(yùn)輸，環(huán)境工程等外部條件的工作深度，使投資估計(jì)有足夠的理由。 以廣泛的調(diào)查和研究，比較類(lèi)似的項(xiàng)目，嚴(yán)重的功能分析，多方案的比較和選擇。經(jīng)過(guò)充分的技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)，并最終技術(shù)先進(jìn)，功能可靠。合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)項(xiàng)目，從而更精確的計(jì)算和現(xiàn)實(shí)的估計(jì)的金額的投資，使項(xiàng)目成本從一開(kāi)始就定位在一個(gè)更合理的水平。 設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，中國(guó)的建筑控制非常有效，投資項(xiàng)目并不少見(jiàn)，這會(huì)影響業(yè)主的投資回報(bào)，它增加了業(yè)主和預(yù)算范圍內(nèi)，以及困難基金的業(yè)主，影響以后的管理或業(yè)主付款拖欠，等等。因此，項(xiàng)目成本的控制具有重要的意義，然而工程造價(jià)的主要手段

65、是控制設(shè)計(jì)， 目前大多數(shù)的業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)階段造價(jià)控制的很少，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)成本不會(huì)有太大影響，這是錯(cuò)誤的，反之，設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制是最重要的一步。因?yàn)樗鼪Q定工程設(shè)計(jì)，施工方法，材料和設(shè)備的類(lèi)型，模式是工程造價(jià)的重要意義，設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化階段的程序或小的變化，會(huì)對(duì)工程造價(jià)有很大影響，設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制的工程總造價(jià)70%。以下是如何控制項(xiàng)目從設(shè)計(jì)到制造法： ⅰ作為業(yè)主必須設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)選用的質(zhì)量水平直接影響到產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量和設(shè)計(jì)水平，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量水平直接影響定價(jià)的作品。不同的設(shè)計(jì)單位在同一項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)是不同的。同一項(xiàng)目的不同設(shè)計(jì)研究所工作的某些方面的工程成本之間存在的差異，我們認(rèn)為，一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的不同設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)

66、計(jì)，施工圖完成后，請(qǐng)咨詢(xún)單位成本做預(yù)算，當(dāng)然不同的設(shè)計(jì)院工程總造價(jià)的絕對(duì)不一樣的，和大多數(shù)的差異兩國(guó)之間的10%甚至30%以上，而不一定是高成本的設(shè)計(jì)成本低，和良好的設(shè)計(jì)往往是成本低，我們都知道，不同的人有不同的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和不同層次的設(shè)計(jì)作品，自然，因此選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位該控制的第一步。通過(guò)招標(biāo)選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位是一個(gè)很好的方法，招標(biāo)文件中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明這方面的要求，成本控制目標(biāo)，等等。 17