Journal of China Institute of building, 2008, 137(8): 0732-9764.External wall insulation technology and energy-saving materials Abstract: This paper used on the exterior of our current technology and energy-saving insulation material to be addressed. Vigorously promoting external insulation technology, new energy-saving materials to strengthen the development and use of energy-saving construction so that really to be implemented.Key words: energy-saving building；materials The implementation of building energy conservation and environmental protection and energy conservation policy and the main contents of the national economy and implementing sustainable development is an important component part. In such a series of energy conservation policies, regulations, standards and mandatory provisions under the guidance of Chinas energy-saving housing construction work has been constantly deepened, energy conservation standards continuously, and the introduction of development, many new energy-saving technologies and materials, and in residential buildings to promote use. However, Chinas current level of building energy conservation, but also much lower than the developed countries, Chinas energy consumption per unit area construction climate is similar to the developed countries, three times to five times. Cold in the north building heating energy consumption accounts for the local society more than 20% of energy consumption, and the vast majority are used in thermal power generation and coal-fired boilers, at the same time to cause serious environmental pollution. Therefore, the construction of this century, Chinas energy-saving construction is an important topic. In the construction of the external structure for the heat loss larger, external retaining structure in the wall and make up a large share. Therefore, the reform and building wall wall is the development of energy-saving technologies building energy-saving technology one of the most important part of the external wall insulation technology and the development of energy-saving construction materials is the main energy-saving mode.1.An external wall insulation technology Energy-saving insulation wall construction techniques can be divided into external walls, insulation and Exterior Insulation two categories.1.1 insulation technology and its features External wall insulation in construction, in the internal and external structure to the insulation layer. Construction of insulation fast, convenient operation flexible and can ensure the construction progress. Application of thermal insulation within a longer time, mature technology, construction techniques and testing standards are relatively sound. In 2001 the external wall insulation in construction, about 90 percent of the engineering applications, insulation technology. Been in the area to promote the insulation technology: Enhanced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board, polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation board, the Interior paste polystyrene board clean wall plaster and polystyrene particles floor insulation Mortar and cracking slurry pressure Network Haile practice. However, the use of thermal insulation will be more occupied area, "thermal bridge" is no easy solution, making it easy to crack, but will also affect the construction speed, the second decoration of the affected residents, and the hoisting of the interior walls and fixed objects can easily damage the insulation structure. Insulation within the technical unreasonable, its decision must be replaced by the insulation. 3 string 1.2, and its technical characteristics of insulation Exterior Insulation is vigorously promoting the construction of a thermal insulation energy-saving technologies. Exterior Insulation compared with the thermal insulation, technical reasonable, and there are obvious advantages of using the same specifications, the same size and performance of insulation materials, exterior insulation, insulation effect than good. Exterior Insulation technology not only apply to the new structure works, but also to transform the old buildings, applicable to a wide range of high technology content; exterior insulation package in the main structure of the outer side to protect the main structure, and extend the life of buildings; effectively reduce The thermal structure of the bridge, construction of an effective increase in space at the same time eliminating condensation and improve the living comfort. Materials net Currently insulation on the external walls of relatively mature technologies include the following types. 1.2.1 plug-Exterior Insulation Plug the insulation material ROCK (ORE), cotton, glass wool carpets, polystyrene foam (polystyrene board, EPS, XPS), polyphenylene Artificial Stone ceramic decorative concrete composite insulation panels, steel mesh-Sandwich such as wallboard. One for polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, in the world has been within the scope of the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used. The technology is plug mortar or adhesive is used for the fixed pieces of insulation materials will be posted, pegged to the outer walls, then the floor cracking mortar, pressed glass fiber Mesh protective layer formation, and the last to do decorative surface. A further approach is the use of a dedicated fixed-absorbent will be difficult various insulation board fixed the outer walls, and then aluminium, natural stone, stained glass, and other pre-production plug in the keel, the direct formation of decorative surface. Mr. IM Pei designed by the Bank of China head office building, the insulation is used in this design. This plug-in insulation installation time-consuming, difficult construction and construction-led occupation period, the main question can only after acceptance construction. Conducting high-level construction, the construction of the security personnel not be guaranteed. 1.2.2 polystyrene board with a wall casting molding This technology is in the concrete frame - polystyrene board shear system will be built into the architecture template, will be pouring in the lateral wall, and then pouring concrete, concrete pouring and molding polystyrene board for a composite wall. The technology to solve the plug-in insulation of the main issues of its advantages is obvious. As the external walls of the main insulation layer with a survival, improve efficiency, greatly shorten the construction period, and the safety of construction workers be guaranteed. But in the winter construction, the role of polystyrene insulation Banqi can reduce the external envelope insulation measures. But we should pay attention to pouring concrete uniform, continuous casting, otherwise concrete lateral pressure caused the impact polystyrene board in the FORM REMOVAL after deformation and wrong stubble, impact on the construction sequence. The built-in polystyrene board which can be double-sided steel mesh, it could be a single screen of steel. Double Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, relies mainly on the medial wall and the steel mesh-banding and lateral reinforcement of concrete and polystyrene board of bonding, the combination of good performance, high security. Single Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, rely mainly on the concrete and polystyrene board and the bonding Chacha reinforced, L, such as steel and concrete wall of the anchorage, with better performance. And double steel mesh, compared to one-sided steel mesh technology with the cancellation of the inner steel mesh and installation of insulation board before the board lateral plastering, saving time and materials. Its cost can be reduced by 10 percent. However, the two approaches are used steel mesh planes, the higher cost, and the steel is hot-conductor, direct heat will be reduced wall insulation effect. We are concrete and polystyrene board with a grid molding compound wall were studied. The experimental results show that, in concrete slurry of suitable conditions, the direct use of concrete as an adhesive to paste polystyrene board, it is entirely possible. When we polystyrene board on the back of treatment, with concrete bonding further improve (the average bond strength can be achieved 0.07 Mpa, and damage occurred in polystyrene board). The technology-steel mesh canceled its performance of the insulation, and once again cut the cost of board. After its long-term durability demonstration, the project can be widely used.1.2.3 polystyrene insulation slurry particles external insulationWill be abandoned polystyrene plastic (for EPS) processing broken into the 0.5 to 4 mm particle, as a lightweight aggregate to the preparation insulation mortar. The technology includes the insulation layer, the protective layer and cracking impermeability of protection layer (or layer of impermeable surface cracking of the mortar in 1). ZL powder particles of polystyrene insulation materials and technology in 1998 by the Ministry of Construction as on the national law. This method is now widely recognized wall insulation technology. The construction technique is simple and can reduce the labor intensity, and improving work efficiency; difference in the quality of the structure from the impact of the wall on the defective construction of the wall need repair leveling, and the direct use of slurry Huabu insulation can avoid other Insulation Construction Technology for plastering leveling off Houer shedding phenomenon. At the same time the external wall insulation technology to solve the engineering harsh conditions resulting from the use of easy interface debonding hollowing, surface cracking, and other problems easier to achieve Exterior Insulation an important breakthrough technology. Insulation and other things, compared to the same insulating effect of the circumstances, its lower cost, lower housing construction costs. For example, with polystyrene insulation boards, compared to per square metre can reduce about 25 yuan. Fraunhofer-new home in Tianjin high-level external insulation is used in the works of such technology.Energy-saving insulation materials are adiabatic materials. Insulation material is used for building envelope or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance of the material or composite materials, including insulation materials, including insulation materials. The significance of thermal insulation material, on the one hand to meet the architectural space or thermal equipment thermal environment, on the other hand in order to save energy. With worldwide energy growing tensions in the energy-saving aspects of thermal insulation material on the significance of significant outstanding. Residents generally only heating air conditioning, insulation enclosure through the use of material that can be on the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% to 80%. According to Japans Energy Conservation Practice has proved that the use of 1 ton per insulation materials, can save three tons of standard coal / year, the energy efficiency of the cost of production is 10 times. Therefore, some countries insulation material as is the coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy after the fifth-largest "energy."Insulation on the external wall insulation is insulation materials as building envelope, development and application of highly efficient insulation thermal insulation material is to ensure that building an effective energy-saving measures. At present the worlds least developed countries, are on the insulation material production and application very seriously, and energy-saving construction work is done well, and they attach importance to the development of insulation materials and are inseparable. 2.1 insulation material properties Adiabatic is to maximize the thermal impedance of the transmission and therefore asked the insulation material must be large and small thermal resistance of the thermal conductivity.Speaking from the composition of materials, organic polymer generally are smaller than the thermal conductivity inorganic materials; non-metallic thermal conductivity coefficient is less than metallic materials; gaseous substances is less than the thermal conductivity of liquid material, liquid than solid material. Therefore, in conditions permitting, should make full use of organic polymer materials or amorphous inorganic materials, which is beneficial for the insulation insulation.In addition, insulation insulation materials must also be able to resist the impact of load, the environment is consistent with the use of mechanical strength. Its better performance bond, still a small contraction rate and the environment in line with the durability. 9 string 3 Summary At present, Chinas external wall insulation technology developed very quickly, and energy conservation is the focus of the work. External wall insulation technology with the development of innovative energy-saving materials are inextricably linked, building energy efficiency must be the development of new energy-saving materials for the premise, there must be sufficient insulation insulation materials as a foundation. Energy-saving materials and the development of the external wall insulation must be technology, we can really play its role. It is precisely because of the energy-saving materials innovation, and the superiority of external insulation technology was increasing peoples attention. Therefore, in the external wall insulation technology to promote the same time, we must step up the development of new energy-saving materials and the use and thus truly achieve energy-saving construction. References 1. Huxiaoyuan, Xu Lin. Building insulation materials of the present situation and prospects of the application. Insulation materials and energy-saving technologies, 2002, (6): 2-4 2. Liu Hongtao, etc. Insulation on the external walls of several common forms and materials. Building Technology and Application, 2001, (1): 39 to 40 3. Guo Ying. External walls, insulation, energy-saving technology in residential construction in the role of construction technology development, 2002, (2): 46 to 48 中國建造學(xué)會期刊, 2008, 137(8): 0732-9764.外墻保溫及節(jié)能材料 摘 要 本文就當(dāng)前我國常用的外墻保溫技術(shù)及節(jié)能材料加以論述。在大力推廣外墻保溫技術(shù)的同時(shí)，要加強(qiáng)新型節(jié)能材料的開發(fā)和利用，從而使建筑節(jié)能真正得以實(shí)施。關(guān)鍵詞 建筑材料，建筑節(jié)能簡介建筑節(jié)能是執(zhí)行國家環(huán)境保護(hù)和節(jié)約能源政策的主要內(nèi)容，是貫徹國民經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要組成部分。 在這樣一系列的節(jié)能政策、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和強(qiáng)制性條文的指導(dǎo)下，我國住宅建設(shè)的節(jié)能工作不斷深入，節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷提高，引進(jìn)開發(fā)了許多新型的節(jié)能技術(shù)和材料，在住宅建筑中大家，我國建筑單位面積能耗仍是氣候相近的發(fā)達(dá)國家的3倍5倍。北方寒冷地區(qū)的建筑采暖能耗已占當(dāng)?shù)厝鐣芎牡?0%以上，且絕大部分都是采用火力發(fā)電和燃煤鍋爐，同時(shí)給環(huán)境帶來嚴(yán)重的污染。所以建筑節(jié)能還是本世紀(jì)我國建筑業(yè)的一個(gè)重要的課題。在建筑中，外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱損耗較大，外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)中墻體又占了很大份額。所以建筑墻體改革與墻體節(jié)能技術(shù)的發(fā)展是建筑節(jié)能技術(shù)力推廣使用。但我國目前的建筑節(jié)能水平，還遠(yuǎn)低于發(fā)達(dá)國的一個(gè)最重要的環(huán)節(jié)，發(fā)展外墻保溫技術(shù)及節(jié)能材料則是建筑節(jié)能的主要實(shí)現(xiàn)方式。1外墻保溫技術(shù) 節(jié)能保溫墻體施工技術(shù)主要分為外墻內(nèi)保溫和外墻外保溫兩大類1.1內(nèi)保溫技術(shù)及其特點(diǎn)外墻內(nèi)保溫施工，是在外墻結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)部加做保溫層。內(nèi)保溫施工速度快，操作方便靈活，可以保證施工進(jìn)度。內(nèi)保溫應(yīng)用時(shí)間較長，技術(shù)成熟，施工技術(shù)及檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是比較完善的。在2001年外墻保溫施工中約有90%以上的工程應(yīng)用內(nèi)保溫技術(shù)。被大面積推廣的內(nèi)保溫技術(shù)有：增強(qiáng)石膏復(fù)合聚苯保溫板、聚合物砂漿復(fù)合聚苯保溫板、增強(qiáng)水泥復(fù)合聚苯保溫板、內(nèi)墻貼聚苯板抹粉刷石膏及抹聚苯顆粒保溫料漿加抗裂砂漿壓入網(wǎng)格布的做法。但內(nèi)保溫會多占用使用面積，“熱橋”問題不易解決，容易引起開裂，還會影響施工速度，影響居民的二次裝修，且內(nèi)墻懸掛和固定物件也容易破壞內(nèi)保溫結(jié)構(gòu)。內(nèi)保溫在技術(shù)上的不合理性，決定了其必然要被外保溫所替代。1.2 外保溫技術(shù)及其特點(diǎn)外保溫是目前大力推廣的一種建筑保溫節(jié)能技術(shù)。外保溫與內(nèi)保溫相比，技術(shù)合理，有其明顯的優(yōu)越性，使用同樣規(guī)格、同樣尺寸和性能的保溫材料，外保溫比內(nèi)保溫的效果好。外保溫技術(shù)不僅適用于新建的結(jié)構(gòu)工程，也適用于舊樓改造，適用于范圍廣，技術(shù)含量高；外保溫包在主體結(jié)構(gòu)的外側(cè)，能夠保護(hù)主體結(jié)構(gòu)，延長建筑物的壽命；有效減少了建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的熱橋，增加建筑的有效空間；同時(shí)消除了冷凝，提高了居住的舒適度。 目前比較成熟的外墻保溫技術(shù)主要有以下幾種。1.2.1 外掛式外保溫外掛的保溫材料有巖（礦）棉、玻璃棉氈、聚苯乙烯泡沫板（簡稱聚苯板，EPS、XPS）、陶?；炷翉?fù)合聚苯仿石裝飾保溫板、鋼絲網(wǎng)架夾芯墻板等。其中聚苯板因具有優(yōu)良的物理性能和廉價(jià)的成本，已經(jīng)在全世界范圍內(nèi)的外墻保溫外掛技術(shù)中被廣泛應(yīng)用。該外掛技術(shù)是采用粘接砂漿或者是專用的固定件將保溫材料貼、掛在外墻上，然后抹抗裂砂漿，壓入玻璃纖維網(wǎng)格布形成保護(hù)層，最后加做裝飾面。還有一種做法是用專用的固定件將不易吸水的各種保溫板固定在外墻上，然后將鋁板、天然石材、彩色玻璃等外掛在預(yù)先制作的龍骨上，直接形成裝飾面。由貝聿銘先生設(shè)計(jì)的中國銀行總行辦公樓的外保溫就是采用的這種設(shè)計(jì)。這種外掛式的外保溫安裝費(fèi)時(shí)，施工難度大，且施工占用主導(dǎo)工期，待主體驗(yàn)收完后才可以進(jìn)行施工。在進(jìn)行高層施工時(shí)，施工人員的安全不易得到保障。1.2.2聚苯板與墻體一次澆注成型該技術(shù)是在混凝土框剪體系中將聚苯板內(nèi)置于建筑模板內(nèi)，在即將澆注的墻體外側(cè)，然后澆注混凝土，混凝土與聚苯板一次澆注成型為復(fù)合墻體。該技術(shù)解決了外掛式外保溫的主要問題，其優(yōu)勢是很明顯的。由于外墻主體與保溫層一次成活，工效提高，工期大大縮短，且施工人員的安全性得到了保證。而且在冬季施工時(shí)，聚苯板起保溫的作用，可減少外圍圍護(hù)保溫措施。但在澆注混凝土?xí)r要注意均勻、連續(xù)澆注，否則由于混凝土側(cè)壓力的影響會造成聚苯板在拆模后出現(xiàn)變形和錯茬，影響后序施工。其中內(nèi)置的聚苯板可以是雙面鋼絲網(wǎng)的，也可以是單面鋼絲網(wǎng)的。雙面鋼絲網(wǎng)聚苯板與混凝土的連接，主要是依靠內(nèi)側(cè)鋼絲網(wǎng)架與墻體外側(cè)配筋相綁扎及混凝土與聚苯板的粘接力，其結(jié)合性能良好，具有較高的安全度。單面鋼絲網(wǎng)聚苯板與混凝土的連接，主要依靠混凝土與聚苯板的粘接力以及斜插鋼筋、L型鋼等與混凝土墻體的錨固力，結(jié)合性能也較好。與雙鋼絲網(wǎng)相比較，單面鋼絲網(wǎng)技術(shù)因取消了內(nèi)側(cè)鋼絲網(wǎng)和安裝保溫板前的板外側(cè)抹灰，節(jié)省了工時(shí)和材料。其造價(jià)可降低10%左右。但此兩種做法都采用了鋼絲網(wǎng)架，造價(jià)較高，且鋼材是熱的良導(dǎo)體，直接傳熱，會降低墻體的保溫效果。我們對于混凝土與無網(wǎng)架聚苯板一次成型復(fù)合墻體進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)研究。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，在混凝土中水泥漿量合適的條件下，直接利用混凝土作為粘接劑來粘貼聚苯板，是完全可能的。當(dāng)我們對聚苯板的背面進(jìn)行處理之后，其與混凝土的粘接力進(jìn)一步提高（其平均粘接強(qiáng)度可以達(dá)到0.07Mpa，而且破壞均發(fā)生在聚苯板內(nèi)）。此技術(shù)取消了鋼絲網(wǎng)架，其保溫性能提高，而且板的成本再次降低。在經(jīng)過對其長期耐久性論證之后，工程中可以推廣使用。1.2.3聚苯顆粒保溫料漿外墻保溫將廢棄的聚苯乙烯塑料（簡稱為EPS）加工破碎成為0.54mm的顆粒，作為輕集料來配制保溫砂漿。該技術(shù)包含保溫層、抗裂防護(hù)層和抗?jié)B保護(hù)面層（或是面層防滲抗裂二合一砂漿層）。其中ZL膠粉聚苯顆粒保溫材料及技術(shù)在1998年就被建設(shè)部列為國家級工法。這種工法是目前被廣泛認(rèn)可的外墻保溫技術(shù)。該施工技術(shù)簡便，可以減少勞動強(qiáng)度，提高工作效率；不受結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量差異的影響，對有缺陷的墻體施工時(shí)墻面不需修補(bǔ)找平，直接用保溫料漿找補(bǔ)即可，避免了別的保溫施工技術(shù)因找平抹灰過厚而脫落的現(xiàn)象。同時(shí)該技術(shù)解決了外墻保溫工程中因使用條件惡劣造成界面層易脫粘空鼓、面層易開裂等問題，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)外墻外保溫技術(shù)的重要突破。與別的外保溫相比較，在達(dá)到同樣保溫效果的情況下，其成本較低，可降低房屋建筑造價(jià)。例如與聚苯板外保溫相比較，每平方米可降低25元左右。在天津云瑯新居高層外墻保溫工程中采用的就是此種技術(shù)。節(jié)能材料屬于保溫絕熱材料。絕熱材料是指用于建筑圍護(hù)或者熱工設(shè)備、阻抗熱流傳遞的材料或者材料復(fù)合體，既包括保溫材料，也包括保冷材料。絕熱材料的意義，一方面是為了滿足建筑空間或熱工設(shè)備的熱環(huán)境，另一方面是為了節(jié)約能源。隨著世界范圍內(nèi)能源的日趨緊張，絕熱材料在節(jié)能方面的意義日顯突出。僅就一般的居民采暖的空調(diào)而言，通過使用絕熱圍護(hù)材料，可在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)上節(jié)能50% 80%。據(jù)日本的節(jié)能實(shí)踐證明，每使用1噸絕熱材料，可節(jié)約標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤3噸/年，其節(jié)能效益是材料生產(chǎn)成本的10倍。因此，有些國家將絕熱材料看作是繼煤炭、石油、天然氣、核能之后的第五大“能源”。外墻保溫主要是靠保溫絕熱材料作為建筑圍護(hù)，開發(fā)和應(yīng)用高效的保溫絕熱材料是保證建筑節(jié)能的有效措施。目前世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家，均對絕熱材料的生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用十分重視，之所以建筑節(jié)能工作做得好，與他們重視和發(fā)展保溫材料是分不開的。2 絕熱材料的性能絕熱，就是要最大限度地阻抗熱流的傳遞，因此要求絕熱材料必須具有大的熱阻和小的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。從材料的組成上看，一般有機(jī)高分子的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)都小于無機(jī)材料；非金屬的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)小于金屬材料；氣態(tài)物質(zhì)的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)小于液態(tài)物質(zhì)，液態(tài)物質(zhì)小于固體。所以在條件允許的情況下，應(yīng)盡量使用有機(jī)高分子材料或無定形的無機(jī)材料，這對于保溫絕熱是有利的。另外，保溫絕熱材料還必須能抵抗一定的沖擊荷載，具有與使用環(huán)境相一致的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。其粘結(jié)性能要好，還得有小的收縮率及與環(huán)境相適應(yīng)的耐久性。3 結(jié)語目前我國外墻保溫技術(shù)發(fā)展很快，是節(jié)能工作的重點(diǎn)。外墻保溫技術(shù)的發(fā)展與節(jié)能材料的革新是密不可分的，建筑節(jié)能必須以發(fā)展新型節(jié)能材料為前提，必須有足夠的保溫絕熱材料做基礎(chǔ)。節(jié)能材料的發(fā)展又必須與外墻保溫技術(shù)相結(jié)合，才能真正發(fā)揮其作用。正是由于節(jié)能材料的不斷革新，外墻保溫技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性才日益受到人們重視。所以在大力推廣外墻保溫技術(shù)的同時(shí)，要加強(qiáng)新型節(jié)能材料的開發(fā)和利用，從而真正地實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑節(jié)能。 參考文獻(xiàn)1. 胡小媛，許琳. 我國建筑絕熱材料的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及其前景. 保溫材料與節(jié)能技術(shù)，2002，（6）：242. 劉洪濤等. 幾種常見的外墻保溫形式及材料. 建筑技術(shù)與應(yīng)用，2001，（1）：3940 3. 郭瑩. 外墻內(nèi)、外保溫技術(shù)在建筑節(jié)能住宅中的作用. 建筑技術(shù)開發(fā)，2002，（2）：4648- 10 -