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1、 系 （院）： 機械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及自動化 姓 名： 劉俊 學 號： 10311437 外文出處： English Reading In (用外文寫) Mechanical Engineering 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 計算機與制造業(yè) 計算機正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時代。 她作為一種新的工具,在商業(yè)和管理中的被長期使用,現(xiàn)在它正逐步進入工廠,而且它的來到來就像蒸汽機在 100 年以前的到來一樣，為制造業(yè)帶來的翻天覆地的變化。 雖然基本的機械加工程序不會發(fā)生根本的改變，但是由于

2、計算機的加入，制造業(yè)中的組織和控制過程必將發(fā)生改變。 從某一方面可以說，早期的制造業(yè)是一種家庭工業(yè): 設計者同時也是制造者,產(chǎn)品的構思和制造一次完成。 后來，零配件的可互換性的概念被推廣出來, 生產(chǎn)按其專業(yè)功能被分開生產(chǎn)，由此以來，同樣的零配件每次可以被數(shù)以千計的生產(chǎn)出來。 今天，雖然設計者和制造者不可能再是一個人，但是，設計和制造這兩種功能正在被一個趨向于整合的制造業(yè)的系統(tǒng)的過程中逐漸融合。 可能最具有嘲諷意義的是,每當市場需求一個產(chǎn)品高度多元化市場的時候，增加生產(chǎn)率并且減少成本的需求促使制造業(yè)向集成與一個緊密的系統(tǒng)的方向發(fā)展。這是一個連續(xù)過程的過程，某個零配件不需要在運輸和等待加工這

3、些環(huán)節(jié)上多浪費95%的生產(chǎn)時間。 計算機正是這兩個中需求滿足的關鍵。 它是能夠提供快速反映，柔韌和速度的唯一工具, 是去迎合一個多元化的市場的最好工具。 而且它是唯一的對制造業(yè)的系統(tǒng)集成進行必需的詳細分析和能利用其精準數(shù)據(jù)的最佳工具。 在未來，計算機可能對公司的生存是很重要的。當今大部分生產(chǎn)力低下的企業(yè)都將會被生產(chǎn)力更高的企業(yè)所代替。 生產(chǎn)力如此高的企業(yè)的結合成就了更高生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量，具有更高生產(chǎn)力的工廠。這樣的工廠的最終目標就是設計和運行一個會以高生產(chǎn)力生產(chǎn) 100% 合格的零配件的工廠。 一個復雜又競爭的世界正是需要制造業(yè)開始創(chuàng)造更多的工作，使它本身變的更為復雜。舉例來說，為了適應競爭，一

4、家公司將會必須滿足對比較好的產(chǎn)品多元化的略微相矛盾的要求，較高的性質(zhì)，改良的生產(chǎn)力和更低的產(chǎn)品價格。 尋求符合這些需求的公司將會需要一個復雜的工具,它將能夠更快地對客戶的需要做出反應，并利用它從制造資源中獲得利益。 計算機就是那種工具。 想要成為 "超高質(zhì)量, 超高生產(chǎn)力"的工廠需要對一個非常復雜的系統(tǒng)進行集成 。計算機可能就是用來完成整合所有制造業(yè)的元素——設計，制造和組合，質(zhì)量保證，管理和操作事物的最好工具了。 在產(chǎn)品設計過程中, 舉例來說, 交互式計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)能夠讓部分樣機測試的進程的得到提高，從而更進一步加速設計程序。 在制造工業(yè)的規(guī)劃中，計算機輔助編程工藝程序可以從

5、數(shù)以千計的設計的可能順序和預定計劃中選取最適合的程序來選用。 在工廠中，分布著許多微型計算機去用做控制機器,操控自動化載入和卸貨設備和收集工廠車間的資料信息。 但是計算機所帶來的這些好處還遠遠不夠。在本質(zhì)上，我們需要計算機集成得以廣泛的運用，及時并且全方位的從生產(chǎn)開始到結束全面的提高生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的效率。 改進的交流信息技術可以使設計有更好的可制造性。 數(shù)控程序設計者和工具設計者可以有機會給產(chǎn)品設計者提出建議, 反之亦然。 因此可以減少工程學的改變, 而且使那些犯了本質(zhì)錯誤的地方可以更加快速的改進。 同時它也能夠為數(shù)據(jù)的后來使用者做出詳細的改進說明，并給予提醒。 生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)的隨時更新，幫

6、助管理層制定更好的工作規(guī)劃和更有效率的工作進度。因此,昂貴的生產(chǎn)設備能得以更好的利用, 它不僅增加了產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)時的運送效率, 同時還減少加工的花費。 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也被同時改良。 例如，生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)不只能夠幫助工人更加正確的生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品,還能保證質(zhì)量部門利用這些數(shù)據(jù)，消除生產(chǎn)過程中所產(chǎn)生的錯誤。 人們能夠更好的做好他們的工作。 計算機的加入幫助人們除去沉悶的計算和文書工作——不用再浪費時間去搜索信息—— 它不但允許勞動者更有效的生產(chǎn)，而且還能釋放他們?nèi)プ鲋挥腥祟惒拍茏龅氖? 有創(chuàng)造力地思考。 計算機集成也可能吸引新人進入制造業(yè)。 因為他們想要在一個充滿科技現(xiàn)代化的環(huán)境中去工作。 在制造工程學中,

7、 CAD/ CAM 減少了用來工裝設計，收集控制和編寫工作規(guī)劃的時間。而且同時加快了響應速度,甚至能使公司內(nèi)部人員在多余的時間中可以完成公司外部人的工作。 在繪圖室里,計算機更為廣泛地運用于設計和工程成分細化。運用計算機系統(tǒng)制造工程圖形為制造商帶來了利潤。 （1）單一設計標準； （2）成分一致性說明； （3）去除了手工繪圖的非一致性的所產(chǎn)生的不確定因素； （4）易于圖形的修正； （5）類似零件只需較小的改動就可生成簡單的圖形； （6）工作效率的提高。 對于設計者而言，計算機輔助設計是描繪的好幫手，它可以進行基本的設計，并對修正結果做出非常快速的評估。對于繪圖員而言，消除了工作的

8、競爭性，轉而使得人們更關注于繪圖的標準和類型。繪圖的速度也得到增長。使用傳統(tǒng)的繪圖技術一年只能繪制250張圖。而其中50張的主要圖就將占據(jù)一半的時間。如果使用計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)就可以甚至將三倍于前面的工作量都可以完成。當然，它的價值體現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)制造的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。 對于大多數(shù)繪圖員而言，最大的敵人是競爭性的工作和重復工作所帶來的疲勞。這將導致繪圖的錯誤和對圖形的修正。在計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)中，繪圖員可以逐漸地學習掌握新的技術。這引起了人們的關注，而不是拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的設計方法。最終，取得了利潤，同時，生產(chǎn)效率提高了。 與工程制圖一樣，計算機輔助設計能夠生成零件制造清單，諸如材料需求和規(guī)劃等。它還能進行

9、計算，例如面積，重心，幾何運算以及進行有限元分析。這種分析計算無須深入的努力，只需繪制簡單的圖形就可以同時完成上述功能分析。 因為較容易生成變量和儲存它們，所以，使用以上提及的技術對任意一個設計的材料進行細化分析是可能的，這將節(jié)省大量的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)資金，同時，在賦予實踐時，某些系統(tǒng)可以旋轉機械零件和模擬運動。 因此計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)是一個多功能的工具，它不僅能夠消除惱人的競爭性工作，還能提高設計者和繪圖員的設計輸出的質(zhì)量。 與車間控制進行交流對于辦公設計者來說是至關重要的。通過工程圖紙進行討論交流。通過這些圖紙可以生成制造零件的細化的建設性規(guī)劃表。然后通過技術工人的設置進行零件的生產(chǎn)制造。通

10、過它可以預測出可能導致錯誤的工藝。 隨著計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，工藝得到了長足發(fā)展，工程師可以根據(jù)圖紙編寫詳盡的代碼。這些編碼被重新編制然后反饋給紙帶再組合成可以識別的指令輸給數(shù)控機床控制刀具的運動，切削刀具根據(jù)指令進行切削加工，通過刀具的機械運動生產(chǎn)出零件。 基于計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)可以通過繪圖員繪出的圖形生成機器指令，然后直接將編碼信息輸入到紙帶機器上通過紙帶上的打洞表示信息，并將其傳輸給數(shù)控機床切削刀具。產(chǎn)品工程師一旦生成工藝規(guī)劃表，通過設計工程師將能夠理解繪圖需求和加工工藝之間的關系。 市場經(jīng)濟的高競爭性使得工程公司希望售出他們的產(chǎn)品以挑戰(zhàn)他們的產(chǎn)品功能和設計能力，然后通過快速的

11、足夠發(fā)展與競爭者進行基于價格和交貨期限的競爭。由于使用計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)，導致關于工程的快速投標成為一種可能的趨勢，這將允許工程師接觸到較多的產(chǎn)品，從而可以即興地想出最佳產(chǎn)品設計的可行性方案以及賺取最低的成本投入。  The computer and manufacturing The computer is bringing manufacturing into the information Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and

12、 management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam engine changed it 100 years ago. The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will. In one respect, manuf

13、acturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was developed, production was separated into speciakized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a

14、time. Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system. It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necessity for incr

15、easing productivity and reducing costs is diving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time being moved around or waiting to be worked on. The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It

16、is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system. It may well be that, in the fut

17、ure, the computer may be essential to a company’s survival. Many of today’s businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are superquality, superproductivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisf

18、actory parts with good productivity. A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, highe

19、r quality, improved productivity, and low prices. The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the most out of its manufacturing resources. The computer is that tool. Becoming a “superquality

20、, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, management, materials handling- are computer integrated. In product design, for example, interact

21、ive computer-aided-design(CAD)systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process. In manufacturing planning, computer-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences a

22、nd schedules, of the optimum process. On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controls machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions. But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is needed is a totall

23、y automated system, linked by common software from front door to back. The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between departments, permitting tighter control, and gener

24、ally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system. Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer, and vice versa. Engineering changes, thus, can be educed,

25、 and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only dose the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made. The instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning a

26、nd more-effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs. Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by

27、 the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings. People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork-not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also f

28、rees them to do what only human beings can do: think creatively. Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment. In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design. NC-

29、programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out. Computer are being used increasingly for both design and detailing of engineering components in the drawing office.. The creation of

30、 engineering drawings using a CAD system offers a manufacturer the following advantages: (1) uniform design standards; (2) consistent specification of components; (3) Elimination of inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawings and inconsistency between drawings;

31、 (4) Easier modification to drawings; (5) Simpler production of si

32、milar drawings having minor changes; (6) Increased productivity. To the designer, the CAD system becomes the sketch pad, allowing the facility to draw the basic design, evaluate and modify very quickly. To the draughtsman, repetitive work is eliminated, and it allows concentration on improving sta

33、ndards and styles of drawing. The rate at which drawings are produced increases. It has been estimated that using conventional draughting techniques a detail draughtsman produces 250 drawings annually. About 50 of these are major drawings occupying about half the time. Using a CAD system it has bee

34、n shown that an improvement of over 3 times this work output can be achieved. This value, of course, depends on the nature of the product. The main enemy of most draughtsmen is the repetitive work and the resulting boredom. This results in drawing errors and the need to modify drawings. With a CAD

35、system the draughtsman is continually learning new techniques on the system. Attention is held more acutely than it is with conventional draughting methods. Consequently, interest is held and, hence, productivity goes up. As well as engineering drawings, the CAD system can produce parts lists, mate

36、rial requirements and planning charts, etc. it can also be used to perform basic calculations such as areas, work out centres of gravity, do geometric calculations and Carry out stress analysis using finite element techniques. These calculations are done during normal access to the drawing with litt

37、le effort and almost instantaneous response. Because it is easy to produce design variants and store them, it is possible to analyse the structural and functional aspects of any design in great detail using techniques just mentioned. This can save a great deal of money in developing a product, an

38、d on some systems it is possible to rotate machine parts and simulate their actual operation when put into service. The CAD system therefore is a versatile tool, able to assist the designer and draughtsman to improve their work output, remove repetitive boring work, and give consistent, quality dra

39、wings. It has always been an essential part of the drawing office to communicate with the shop floor. This was always done through discussions and reference to engineering drawings. From these drawings were produced planning sheets giving details of the method proposed to manufacture the component.

40、 The machines were then set by skilled workers to produce the part. It can be envisaged that this process could lead to mistakes and hence incorrect components. With the advent of the CAD system a process has developed whereby engineers write simple coded programmes of the details contained on the

41、engineering drawings, and then feed thee into the computer. These coded instructions are re-arranged and then fed back to a punched tape machine which is programmed to accept coded instructions suitable for feeding into a numerical controlled(NC) machine tool. The machine tool is then capable of con

42、verting these instructions into machining operations and the component is produced by the robotic action of the tools. Also, it is now possible to create machining instructions by the draughtsman producing a drawing on the CAD system, and coded information being fed directly to a tape machine where

43、 punched tape is produced ready for inserting into the NC machine tool. The job of the production engineer who once produced the planning sheets is now largely superseded by a design engineer capable of understanding the relationship between drawing requirements and the machining process. With the

44、highly competitive marketplace that exists in the world today, engineering companies wishing to sell their products need to complete their specifications and designs fast enough to compete with their rivals on price ad delivery dates, etc. By using a CAD system, rapid tendering on projects is possible and it allows the engineers the facility to look at many options and hence come up with the ideal solution regarding feasibility, design excellence and cost.