南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)微生物學(xué)試題 注：1.答題前，請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)確、清楚地填各項(xiàng)，涂改及模糊不清者、試卷作廢。2.試卷若有雷同以零分計(jì)。一、名詞解釋(65)：1. Colony 菌落2. Virus 病毒3. Biogeochemical cycle4. Medium培養(yǎng)基5. Tansduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)6. Mycorhiza 菌根二、問答題(70分)1.What are the major differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria？(5分)什么是主要差異在革蘭氏陽性之間，革蘭陰性菌?2. Distinguish between (a) phototrophs and chemotrophs, (b) Lithotrophs and organotrophs. (4分) 區(qū)分(一個(gè))光能營養(yǎng)型，化能營養(yǎng)，(b淋巴細(xì)胞)無機(jī)營養(yǎng)生物，有機(jī)營養(yǎng)菌。3.Yeast can grow both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. What is the difference in energy production? (8分)酵母能在需氧的，厭氧條件下增長。有什么不同在能源生產(chǎn)?4.Draw a typical bacteria growth curve. Explain each phase. (8分)In what circumstance, filtration and pasteurization methods are useful? (6分) 畫一個(gè)典型細(xì)菌生長曲線。說明每個(gè)相。(8分)在什么環(huán)境，過濾，巴氏消毒法方法有用?5.To determine the viable counts of a soil sample, which method is the best? List the procedures.(10分)要確定一個(gè)土壤樣品的可行的計(jì)數(shù)，哪種方法是最好的嗎？列出的程序。 6.The donor bacterial cell in a transformation is probably dead. Explain why. (2分) 7.What are the roles of a cloning vector, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase in molecular cloning? (6分)在分子克隆的克隆載體，限制性內(nèi)切酶和DNA連接酶的作用是什么？ 8.What does the term “antagonism” means? Explain the usefulness in biological control. (4分) 9.Explain the following terms in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: infection, host specificity, effectiveness, competitiveness. How to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness in green-house? (10分)在豆科根瘤菌共生的感染，宿主特異性，效益，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。溫室共生效益如何評(píng)價(jià)？ 10.List the taxonomic hierarchy of classification. (7分) 列出分類的分類層次。 微生物學(xué)試題 本試題一共2道大題，共2頁，滿分100分?？荚嚂r(shí)間120分鐘?？偡诸}號(hào)一二三四五六七八九十閱卷人題分核分人得分注：1.答題前，請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)確、清楚地填各項(xiàng)，涂改及模糊不清者、試卷作廢。2.試卷若有雷同以零分計(jì)。一、名詞解釋(65)：1. Bacterial chemotaxis細(xì)菌的趨化作用 2. Lichen地衣3. Chemoorganotroph 化能有機(jī)營養(yǎng)生物4. Colony菌落 5. Biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)6. Conjugation接合二、問答題(70分)1.What are the unique features of microorganisms gram-positive？ (10分)2.Why does Gram-staining procedure stain some bacteria purple-violet and others red?(10分)3.Explain the term “medium”,what is the purpose to make a selective medium? (10分) 4.To determine the viable counts of a soil sample, which method is the best? List the procedures. (8分)5.What are the roles of a cloning vector,restriction enzyme and DNA Ligase in molecular cloning? (12分) 6.Explain the following terms in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: infection, host specificity, effectiveness, competitiveness. How to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness in green-house? (20分)復(fù)習(xí)題Questions-11What are the unique features of microorganism?2List several applied areas of microbiology. Describe the importance of microorganisms in each of these applied fields.3Discuss the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.4What are some major differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.5Draw a typical bacterial cell and identify all parts.6Define the following termsArchaea古菌, flagellum鞭毛, bacterial chemotaxis細(xì)菌的趨化作用, capsule莢膜, spore孢子, cyst mesosome plasmid質(zhì)粒, simple staining簡單染色, Gram staining革蘭氏染色, colony菌落, lytic bacteriaphage噬菌體裂解, Viruse, HIV, SARS, pseudopodia偽足, cyanobacteria藍(lán)細(xì)菌, Algae protozoa, Lichen地衣, mycorrhiza菌根, yeast酵母菌, mold霉菌, fungi真菌.7 List the sexual spores and asexual spores of fungi.8What is the unique about the class Deuteromycetes, making it different from other classes of fungi?Questions-21What are the nutrients that microorganisms require? And what are the functions of these nutrients?2Distinguish between (a) phototrophs and chemotrophs, (b) Lithotrophs and organotrophs, and (c) autotrophs and heterotrophs.3Explain the term “ medium”. What is the purpose of make a selective medium?4Under what circumstance might you wish to use silical gel as a solidifying agent for a culture medium?5Yeast can grow both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. What is the difference in energy production.6Describe the process of passive diffusion.7How is passive diffusion differentiated from facilitated diffusion?8How is group translocation similar to and different from active transport of solutes?Questions-31Explain the following terms:growth, pure culture, continuous culture, batch culture, synchronous growth, sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, optimum temperature, generation time, acidophile, facultative anaerobe.2Describe the methods for isolating pure culture.3Differentiate the batch culture and continuous culture, Indicate their advantages and disadvantages.4To determine the viable counts of a solid sample, which method is the best? List the procedures.5In what circumstance, filtration and pasteurization methods are useful?6Draw a typical bacteria growth curve. Explain each phase.Questions 41Explain the following termsAuxotroph, Genotype, phenotype, genome, mutant, mutagen, point mutation, DNA recombination, conjugation, transduction, transformation, Cloning vector, molecular cloning, polymerase Chain reaction, spontenous mutation, competence2Describe the phenotypic changes due to gene mutation3Describe the procedures of replica plating technique for isolation of mutants.4The donor bacterial cell in a transformation is probably dead. Explain why.5In conjugation, how are donor and recipient cells brought into contact with each other?6What are the roles of a cloning vector, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase in molecular cloning?7What are the advantages of using plasmid PBR322 as a cloning vector?Questions-51Explain thenfollwing termsBiogeochemical cycle, Rhizosphere, Neutralism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Competition, Parasitism, Predation, Denitrification, Nitrification, Nitrogenase, Leghemoglobin, PGPR2In nitrogen cycle, what are the microorganisms and their functions in the transformation of nitrogen forms?3What does the term “ antagonism ” means? Explain the usefulness in biological control.4Explain the following terms in Rhizobium legume symbiosis: infection, host specificity, effectiveness, competitiveness. How to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness in green-house?Questions-61List the taxonomic hierarchy of classification.2What is the three-domain classification system? Draw a simple dendrogram to show their phylogenetic relationship among the organisms.3There are 50 strains isolated from the root nodules of peanut. These strains are slow-growing, and their taxonomic position is unknown. How do you determine the exact taxonomic position of peanut bradyrhizobium? List the major experiments that you plan to do.