2019年高考英語(yǔ)一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破 考點(diǎn)精講 第三節(jié) 介詞和代詞考點(diǎn)一常見(jiàn)介詞的用法介詞against，beyond，by，for，with，without，over，in，on，at，across，through等介詞是?？嫉慕樵~，它們大部分都有多層含義，全面掌握這些介詞的用法和意義，準(zhǔn)確把握句子語(yǔ)境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面就幾個(gè)含義較多、掌握較難的介詞做一下介紹。1against意為“反對(duì)；對(duì)抗；違背；逆著；倚、靠；以為背景”。Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky. 藍(lán)天清晰地襯托出我們的教學(xué)大樓。2beyond意為“在的另一邊；超出；非所能及”。The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.這個(gè)練習(xí)超出了大多數(shù)學(xué)生的能力。3by意為“在旁邊；到為止；按照；按計(jì)算數(shù)量、報(bào)酬等；通過(guò)方式；以的幅度”。Do you rent the camera by the hour or by the day? 你的照相機(jī)出租是按小時(shí)還是按天數(shù)算？ 4with意為“和在一起 ；帶有；隨著；用，憑借；關(guān)于；由于，因?yàn)椤?。He woke up from a nightmare, trembling with fear. 他從噩夢(mèng)中驚醒， 因?yàn)榭謶侄鴩樀冒l(fā)抖。5over意為“在的正上方；多于；在期間”。We have something interesting to talk about over the meal.我們有很多感興趣的事可以邊吃邊談。6for意為“為了；支持，同意；因?yàn)椋捎?；就而言”。She is in her thirties but looks old for her age. 她現(xiàn)在三十幾歲， 但是看起來(lái)比她實(shí)際年齡要老。7off意為“在的外面；在的沿海；偏離；從離開(kāi)”。He lives in a village a little way off the main road. 他住在離大路不遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)村子。8through意為“穿過(guò)；整個(gè)；依據(jù)，經(jīng)由；度過(guò)”。My parents love got me through the hard time. 我父母的愛(ài)幫助我度過(guò)了困難時(shí)期?？键c(diǎn)二介詞的固定搭配介詞的固定搭配考查有兩種：一是考查固定搭配中的介詞；二是考查介詞短語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的介詞搭配有：apart from 除之外；for the benefit of為了的利益；in the way擋道；in time及時(shí)；on watch值班，守夜；for lack of由于缺乏； in addition to 除之外還；in case以免，萬(wàn)一； in turn依次，轉(zhuǎn)而； in return for用以交換； in charge of負(fù)責(zé)； in favour of同意； in terms of 就而論； in particular尤其，特別；on behalf of 代表；on the contrary 相反；on the spot在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，當(dāng)場(chǎng)；on purpose故意；other than除之外；out of place不在合適的位置，不適當(dāng)?shù)模?out of date過(guò)期等。 考點(diǎn)三替代詞及it的用法1替代詞的應(yīng)用that替代the可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語(yǔ)的)those替代the復(fù)數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語(yǔ)的)one替代a(n)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)the one替代the可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)ones替代零冠詞可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)the ones替代the可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)it替代前面提到過(guò)的同一個(gè)人或者物。The book is more interesting than that/the one I read a few days ago.這本書(shū)比我?guī)滋烨白x的那本更有趣。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些書(shū)比桌下的那些書(shū)要好。Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.幫助別人是一種習(xí)慣，一種你小時(shí)候就能學(xué)會(huì)的習(xí)慣。Mr. Li gave me many valuable presents, ones that I had never seen.李先生給了我很多珍貴的禮物，這些是我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it anywhere. So I had to buy one.昨天我丟了鋼筆，哪里也沒(méi)找到，只好又買(mǎi)了一只。2it的用法(1)指代作用除了上面講到的指代前面提到的同一個(gè)人或物外，還指代不清楚或沒(méi)必要知道說(shuō)話對(duì)象的性別時(shí)；還指代環(huán)境、情形；也可指代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離、天氣、季節(jié)、度量衡單位等。It is a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?寶寶真可愛(ài)，是男孩還是女孩？It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here.從這里離最近的醫(yī)院有6英里。(2)形式作用it常用來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)In my opinion, it is no use arguing with him.以我看來(lái)，與他爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)有用。You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必須讓他們清楚形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。(3)表示“喜歡；厭惡”等心理方面的動(dòng)詞后跟if/when等引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，常在從句前加it作形式賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的詞有appreciate，like，love，dislike，hate等。Id appreciate it if you could teach me how to use the puter.如果你能教我如何用電腦，我將不勝感激。(4)it的一些固定搭配，如make it成功，確定時(shí)間為；get it 明白了；when it es to.當(dāng)提到When shall we meet again?我們下一次什么時(shí)候見(jiàn)面？Make it any day you like; its all the same to me. 你喜歡哪天就哪天，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都一樣?？键c(diǎn)四不定代詞的用法1all, both, either，any, neither, none的區(qū)別都任何一個(gè)都不(全部否定)部分否定兩者botheitherneither bothnot或notboth三者或三者以上allanynone allnot或notallThere are trees on both sides/either side of the street. 在街的兩旁都有樹(shù)。All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.所有的馬都是動(dòng)物，但并不是所有的動(dòng)物都是馬。Because Henry and Mark had to work，neither of them came yesterday.因?yàn)楹嗬婉R克要上班，所以兩人都沒(méi)來(lái)。They were all very tired, but none of them would stop to have a rest.他們都非常累，但沒(méi)有一個(gè)想停下來(lái)休息。2one，another，the other，some，others，the others的區(qū)別一個(gè)/一些另外一個(gè)/一些剩余的一個(gè)/一些單數(shù)oneanotherthe other復(fù)數(shù)someothersthe others【點(diǎn)津】“another基數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞” “基數(shù)詞other復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。One was happy but the other was disappointed.一人感到開(kāi)心，另一人卻感到失望。Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, while others like to go to the cinema.一些人喜歡周日待在家里，而另一些人則喜歡去看電影。I felt so bad yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face another day like that.昨天一整天我感覺(jué)很糟，所以今天早上我決定不能像那樣面對(duì)一天了。I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, and the others are blue.我有十只鉛筆，兩只紅的，其余都是藍(lán)的。Theres room for another three people in the back of the bus.公共汽車(chē)后面還能坐下三個(gè)人。3復(fù)合不定代詞某任何每個(gè)，所有沒(méi)有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothingNothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人。Nobody can achieve anything of real significance unless he works very hard. 一個(gè)人要是不努力， 他就將一事無(wú)成。It is everybodys duty to take good care of public property. 愛(ài)護(hù)公物，人人有責(zé)。4any，every的區(qū)別anyeverynot anynot every或every.not(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中)任何一個(gè)(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中)每一個(gè)任何人/物都不(全部否定)并非每個(gè)(部分否定)I have many books here, and you can take any one. 我這里有很多書(shū)，你可以拿任何一本。Every man dies, but not every man really lives.每個(gè)人都會(huì)死去， 但不是每個(gè)人都曾經(jīng)真正活過(guò)。I hope there are not any sour grapes between you two.我希望你倆之間不會(huì)有任何酸葡萄心理?？键c(diǎn)五人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞等的用法1人稱(chēng)代詞(1)人稱(chēng)代詞的主格在句中作主語(yǔ)，賓格在句中作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。He told me what had happened.他告訴我發(fā)生了什么。(2)下列情況下常用賓格在be后作表語(yǔ)Who is it? 是誰(shuí)？Its me. 是我。在單獨(dú)使用或帶not的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中I like swimming. 我喜歡游泳。Me, too. 我也是。2物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)，名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞名詞”，在句中做主、賓、表語(yǔ)或與of連用作后置定語(yǔ)。Those strange ideas of yours cant be realized at all. 你的那些奇想根本沒(méi)辦法實(shí)現(xiàn)。3反身代詞反身代詞有myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，在句中做主、賓、表或同位語(yǔ)。He was running so fast that he couldnt stop himself. 他跑得太快了，一下子停不下來(lái)。It would be better to rely on ourselves than on others. 與其求人，不如求己。4指示代詞指示代詞主要有this，that，these，those，注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)指上文一般用that，指下文只用this。That is why Im working hard at my lesson.那就是我要努力學(xué)習(xí)的原因。This is an opportunity to promote the reputation of the pany.這是提高公司聲譽(yù)的機(jī)會(huì)。(2)打電話時(shí)，用this指自己，用that指對(duì)方。This is Joan speaking. Whos that, please?我是瓊，請(qǐng)問(wèn)你是誰(shuí)？(3)this和that還可表示程度，意為“如此，那么”，相當(dāng)于so，作狀語(yǔ)。The next village is ten kilometres away, and we cant walk that far in an hour.下一個(gè)村子離這兒十公里， 我們一小時(shí)走不了那么遠(yuǎn)。5疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞有what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever等，用法要點(diǎn)如下：(1)what除了用來(lái)詢問(wèn)職業(yè)外，一般指物，which可指人或物；who，whom，whose一般指人。What does he do? 他是干什么的？ He is a famous actor and singer.他是個(gè)著名的演員和歌手。Which of you will go with me?你們哪一個(gè)跟我一起去？(2)沒(méi)有一定范圍時(shí)用what，意為“什么”；有一定范圍時(shí)用which，意為“哪一個(gè)”。What kind of books, if any, do you prefer?若有書(shū)的話， 你喜歡哪類(lèi)？Which pencil do you like, the red one or the blue one? 你喜歡哪支鉛筆， 紅的還是藍(lán)的？(3)whatever，whoever，whichever表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“到底什么/誰(shuí)/哪一個(gè)”。Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么？(對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書(shū)第237頁(yè)).用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~完成下列句子1(xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷改編)It was a real race _ time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it.【解析】句意：完成這項(xiàng)工程真的是在與時(shí)間賽跑。但幸運(yùn)的是，我們成功了。against在此處為“對(duì)抗之意”?！敬鸢浮縜gainst2(xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷改編)A serious study of physics is impossible _ some knowledge of mathematics.【解析】句意：沒(méi)有一定的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)，進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅的物理學(xué)研究是不可能的。without“沒(méi)有”?！敬鸢浮縲ithout3(xx北京高考改編)I have an appointment_Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.【解析】句意：我和Smith博士有一個(gè)約會(huì)，但是我需要改一下。have an appointment with sb.與某人有約會(huì)、預(yù)約?！敬鸢浮縲ith4(xx山東高考改編)The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children.【解析】句意：史密斯夫婦因?yàn)樗麄兣囵B(yǎng)孩子的方式而受到了贊揚(yáng)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處表達(dá)夫婦二人受贊揚(yáng)的原因，應(yīng)該用介詞for?！敬鸢浮縡or5(xx福建高考改編)Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always _ the way whenever she tries to.【解析】句意：史密斯太太覺(jué)得很難把雜亂的東西收拾好，因?yàn)闊o(wú)論她什么時(shí)候試圖整理，她的孩子們總是礙手礙腳。in the way/in sb.s way妨礙?！敬鸢浮縤n6(xx遼寧高考改編)_behalf of everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.【解析】句意：我代表這兒的每一個(gè)人，希望你們的回國(guó)旅程愉快。on behalf of為固定詞組“代表”?！敬鸢浮縊n7(xx江蘇高考改編)I am always delighted when I receive an email from you._ regard to the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend.【解析】句意：我總是很高興收到你的郵件，關(guān)于七月一日的聚會(huì)，我將樂(lè)意參加。with regard to關(guān)于。【答案】With8(xx湖北高考改編)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered_chance a long lost antique Greek vase.【解析】句意：最近一位乘坐渡船到這個(gè)南部島嶼旅行的藝術(shù)家偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)丟失已久的希臘古董花瓶。by chance偶然?！敬鸢浮縝y9(xx江蘇高考改編)Team leaders must ensure that all members get _ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes.【解析】句意：團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須要確保所有的隊(duì)員克服本能的欲望以避免犯錯(cuò)誤帶來(lái)的尷尬。get over克服?！敬鸢浮縪ver10(xx湖北高考改編)Butterflies feed _a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.【解析】句意：蝴蝶以花卉產(chǎn)生的一種甜甜的液體為食，蜜蜂和其他昆蟲(chóng)則采集這種液體。feed on以為食。【答案】on.用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~完成下列句子1Some people like to talk about generation gaps.I dont think there is _ in my family though.【解析】句意：有些人喜歡談?wù)摯鷾?。然而我認(rèn)為在我家不存在代溝。one代指前面提到的generation gaps中的一個(gè)，即a generation gap?！敬鸢浮縪ne2The scientists hoped further research would lead to a better understanding of the disease，how _ spread and what other factors might be involved.【解析】此處為how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，代詞指代the disease，為特指意義的單數(shù)名詞，所以用it?！敬鸢浮縤t3In society where social roles are determined，boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers，and girls _ of their mothers.【解析】that在此代指前面提到的the behavior?！敬鸢浮縯hat4What seems to be a good thing to one person may be a bad thing to _【解析】句意：對(duì)一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)似乎是好事的東西，對(duì)另一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)可能就是壞事。填another與前面的one person對(duì)應(yīng)?！敬鸢浮縜nother5Did you watch the football match last night?Yes，thats a most close one，and eventually neither could defeat _【解析】從語(yǔ)意可知，是雙方在比賽，實(shí)力相當(dāng)，表示二者中的另外一方，只能用the other?！敬鸢浮縯he other6Which cup do you like，Tommy?_I think theyre both ugly.【解析】根據(jù)答語(yǔ)中的“theyre both ugly”可知，湯米對(duì)兩個(gè)杯子都不喜歡，所以填neither?！敬鸢浮縉either7As the two dictionaries are useful，Ill take _ and _ of them is very important to me.【解析】句意：由于這兩本詞典都有用，我會(huì)把它們都帶走，每一本對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都非常重要。根據(jù)句意可知，說(shuō)話人對(duì)這兩本詞典都很滿意，故第一空用both；第二空所在句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)，故設(shè)空處應(yīng)用either，表示“兩者中的任何一個(gè)”?！敬鸢浮縝oth；either8Seeing a large crowd at the street corner.I became aware of _ unusual happening.【解析】句意：看到街道的拐角處有一大群人，我意識(shí)到發(fā)生了某些不尋常的事情。unusual作后置定語(yǔ)修飾something，表示“某些不尋常的事情”，符合句意?！敬鸢浮縮omething9Do you have _ ready for the opening ceremony，Ted?No，we still need some volunteers.【解析】句意：泰德，開(kāi)幕式的一切都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？還沒(méi)有，我們還需要一些志愿者。從后面的some volunteers可知填everything，表示“全部，一切”?！敬鸢浮縠verything10I shop online all the time and Ive never had _ like this happenJoshua says he got cheated!【解析】根據(jù)“Joshua says he got cheated”可知，前面表示“在我身上從來(lái)沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)任何像這樣的事情”?！敬鸢浮縜nything.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空Fathers Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day _1_ children to honor their fathers began in Spokane，Washington.A woman _2_ the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought _3_ the idea for Fathers Day while listening to a Mothers Day sermon _4_ 1909.Having been raised _5_ her father，Henry Jackson Smart，after her mother died，Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was _6_ her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was，_7_ the eyes of his daughter，a courageous，selfless，and loving man.Sonoras father was born in June，so she chose to hold the first Fathers Day celebration _8_ Spokane，Washington _9_ the 19th of June，1910.In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June _10_ Fathers Day.Roses are the flowers for Fathers Day.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文介紹了父親節(jié)的來(lái)歷。最早是1909年由住在華盛頓斯波肯市的索羅拉斯馬特杜德夫人最早提出設(shè)立父親節(jié)的。1924年，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)加爾文庫(kù)利奇宣布每年6月的第三個(gè)星期天為父親節(jié)?！敬鸢浮?for表示“為，給”某人，引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。2withwith the name ofnamed/called(名叫)。3ofthink of(想到)是固定搭配。4in表示在某年或某月用介詞in。5by在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中表示動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者，用by。6to表示“對(duì)某人特別”是be special to sb.。類(lèi)似的還有be kind/friendly to sb.等。7in表示“在某人的眼中”是in the eyes of sb.。8in表示“在”某個(gè)大城市，用介詞in。9on表示“在”具體某一天用介詞on。10as表示“當(dāng)作，作為”，用as。.請(qǐng)改正下列句子中的代詞錯(cuò)誤1Every of the twin sisters is so lovely that I cant help kissing both of them.2To some life is pleasure，while to another it is suffering.But I dont know what it is to me.3I would appreciate it very much if you could give me any suggestions.4You mustnt always do something as he asks you to do.You should have your own way of life.5Many people in the West make a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.6If our parents do everything for us children，we wont learn to depend on us.7I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face the other day like that.8If you are from Asia，youll find the American culture is so different from one of your own country.9Yesterday several pairs of shoes were tried on，but all of them were satisfactory.10None in my life impressed me so deeply as my visit to the Palace Museum.【答案】1.EveryEach2.anotherothers3anysome4.somethinganything5.make與a rule之間加it6.usourselves7.the otheranother8.onethat9.allnone10.NoneNothing