2019-2020年高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí) 第四講 非謂語動(dòng)詞講練語法精講 一、 概述： 在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式；動(dòng)詞的-ing形式；過去分詞。（一）非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有：1） 如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語連用:They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.2） 都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. 3）都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化（過去分詞除外）。例：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（ing形式的被動(dòng)式） We have written the position.（謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)） Having written the position, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式） 4）都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語） We are League members.（謂語動(dòng)詞的主語） We being League member, the work was well done.（ing形式的邏輯主語）（二） 非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有： 1）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。 2）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過去分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。 3）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過去分詞），在句中作狀語。非謂語動(dòng)詞的句法功能一覽表： 主語表語賓語補(bǔ)語定語狀語同位語不定式-ing形式過去分詞 （三）、非謂語動(dòng)詞的各種形式：1、 不定式的形式：不定式分為帶to 和不帶to的不定式兩種（以write為例）主 動(dòng)被 動(dòng)一般式to writeto be written進(jìn)行式 to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written完成進(jìn)行式to have been writing/否定式：not + (to) do not (to) be writing not (to) be written not (to) have written等2. -ing形式的形式：（以write;go為例）-ing形式及 物 動(dòng) 詞 write不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having written having been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + writingnot + being writtennot + having written not having been written等二、非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法比較1）動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式作主語比較 -ing形式作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動(dòng)作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。例如： 1. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old（MET 1992） A. The walk BWalking CTo walk DWalk 答案是B2. It is not unusual for workers in that region _.A to be paid more than a month laterB. to be paid later than more a month C to pay later than a month more D. to pay later more than a month 答案是A. 2. 動(dòng)詞不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作表語比較 （1）如果-ing形式的作用相當(dāng)于名詞時(shí)，不定式和-ing形式作表語的區(qū)別同作主語一樣。 His job is building houses Our task now is to increase food productionThe real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers The most important thing is to put theory into practice The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_ it more difficult Anot make Bnot to make Cnot making Ddo not make （Key：B） （2）如果-ing形式的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞時(shí)，-ing形式作表語時(shí)不是說明主語的內(nèi)容，而是表示主語所具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。即主語“令（使）人.”；過去分詞表示主語“感到.” What you said was encouraging. I was surprised at the news. 3動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式作賓語比較 （1）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。 We agreed _ here，but so far she hasnt turned up yet（NMET 1995） Ahaving met Bmeeting Cto meet Dto have met （Key：C） （2）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟-ing形式作賓語，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny, put off等。 The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_ （MET 1987） Acatching Bto be caught Cbeing caught Dto catch （Key：C） I would appreciate_ back this afternoon（MET 1992） Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C） （3）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟-ing形式，意義上無多大區(qū)別，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。 I intend to finishfinishing the task this morning (4) 有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式，但意義上有區(qū)別，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。 The light in the office is still on Oh，I forgot _ （MET 1991） Aturning it off Bturn it off Cto turn it off Dhaving turned it off （Key：C） You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well，now I regret _ that（NMET 1995） Ato do Bto be doing Cto have done Dhaving done（Key：D）4、動(dòng)詞不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語比較 （1）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn，allow，advise，permit，forbid等。The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation（NMET 1996） Ato eat not Beating not Cnot to eat Dnot eating （Key：C） （2）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，但意義不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have, make等，且不定式不帶to，但在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中必須帶to.不定式指動(dòng)作的全過程；-ing形式指正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的一部分，且都表主動(dòng)意義；過去分詞表被動(dòng)意義，指已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，being done也表被動(dòng)意義，但表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 Paul doesnt have to be made_ He always works hard（NMET 1995） Alearn Bto learn Clearned Dlearning（Key：B） The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see_ the next year（xx） Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out（Key：C）We stood on the playground watching the national flag being raised. 5不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作定語比較 （1） 不定式作定語表示“將要”，-ing形式表示“正在”，過去分詞表示“已經(jīng)”，且只表被動(dòng)。特別要注意比較to be done; being done; done作定語的用法。 注意：-ing形式的完成式不用來作定語。 The Olympic Games，in 776 BC，did not include women players until1912（NMET 1997） Afirst playing Bto be first played Cfirst played Dto be first playing（Key：C） When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _“Sorry to miss you；I will call later”（NMET xx） Aread Breads Cto read Dreading （Key：D） （2）-ing形式相當(dāng)于名詞時(shí)作定語表示被修飾名詞的用途，-ing形式相當(dāng)于形容詞時(shí)作定語表示被修飾名詞的動(dòng)作。 a swimming pool動(dòng)名詞作定語，a swimming fish現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。（3） 有些不及物動(dòng)詞既可用-ing形式，也可用過去分詞作定語，但意義不一樣。falling leaves fallen leaves developing countries developed countries boiling water boiled water 6動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞，表示原因、目的和結(jié)果，-ing形式、過去分詞作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞和句子，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨和結(jié)果。 _ late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm（NMET xx） ATo sleep BSleeping CSleep DHaving slept（Key：A） _ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river（NMET xx） AHaving suffered BSuffering CTo suffer DSuffered（Key：A） _ more attention，the trees could have grown better（MET 1990） A Given BTo give CGiving DHaving given（Key：A）注意：答題時(shí)要分清是非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語、主語，還是祈使句。三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的其他要點(diǎn)、非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。不定式的進(jìn)行式表示用于描述在我們談?wù)摰臅r(shí)間（現(xiàn)在或過去）正在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作。例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時(shí)發(fā)生) 例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后) 例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前) 例3：We enjoy watching color TV. (與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)) 例4：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前）例5：Singing a song, he came into the room.（非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生） 例6：Having written his position, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)例7：Its nice to be sitting with you. (不定式的進(jìn)行式表示現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作)例8：I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. (不定式的進(jìn)行式表示過去正在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作)、動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如： 例9: I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。） 例10: He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)、不帶to的幾種用法1、不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用表推測(cè)、責(zé)怪等。(略)2、在 let; make; see; hear; feel; watch; notice; help; observe; have;等后可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ).例11：She lets her children stay up very late. 例12：I made them give me the money back.例13：Have Mrs. Hansen e in, please. 例14：Ive never known him (to) pay for a drink.3、Why (not) 句型中例15：Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town.例16：Why not let me lend you some money?4、and, or, except, but, than后例17：Id like to lie down and go to sleep. 例18： Do you want to have lunch or wait till later?例19：We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinemas.例20：Its easier to persuade people than (to) force them.5、解釋do的精確意思的句中，可以含有不帶to的不定式。例21：All I did was (to) give him a little push. 例22：What a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.、動(dòng)詞不定式、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1、"介詞for+名詞/代詞"表示不定式的邏輯主語。常用于：Itis + adj .+ for sb. + to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu).It is inconvenient for me to write the whole book by hand.It is necessary for you to hurry up. Otherwise you will be late.That is for you to eat. It is time for us to have dinner. This is a problem for us to solve.For the children to enter college，many parents employ tutors.2、 物主代詞my、your等和所有格的詞如Johns可與帶-ing的形式連用。Im annoyed about Johns forgetting to pay. Do you mind my making a suggestion?在非正式英語中，當(dāng)這些詞在語法上起著句子中賓語的作用時(shí)，常用me, you, John這樣一些形式Im annoyed about John forgetting to pay. Do you mind me making a suggestion?語法精練：1. （xx全國(guó)）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen2. （xx全國(guó)）The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun3. （xx北京春）Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring4. （xx上海春）Friendship is like money: easier made than _. A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept5. （xx上海春）_ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The presidents attending6. （xx上海春）Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited7. （xx上海春）She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing8. （xx北京）- How do you deal with the disagreement between the pany and the customers?- The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers? A. to solve; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; ;made9. （xx上海）In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run pany are striving _ their products more petitive. A. to make B. making C. to have make D. having made10. （xx上海）Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in11. （xx上海）Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known12. （xx上海）_ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street; but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to14. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. to be gone D. going15. With a lot of difficult problems _, the manager felt worried all the time. A. settled B. settling c. to settle D. being settled.