2019-2020年高考英語 語法知識(shí)匯總 第17章 句子、句子成分與主謂一致第一節(jié) 真題精析1.She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50 million. 【04福建卷】Ahave reachedBhas reachedCare reachingDhad reached2. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.【04北京】 A. was B. were C. had been D. would be3.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (1990)A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered4. When and where to build the new factory _ yet.(1991)A. is not decided B. are not decidedC. has not decided D. have not decided5. There_a lot of milk in the bottle. (09,上海) A. are B. is C. were D. has6. E-mail, as well as telephones, _an important part in daily munication. (09, 上海) A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 7. Nobody but Jane_ the secret. (1986) A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known 8. All but one _ here just now. (06) A. is B. was C. has been D. were9.He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years（xx，上海） Ais Bare Chave been Dhas been 10. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. (1989)A. is B. are C. am D. be11. Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting. (04,上海) A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out12. “News of victories _ pouring in as our army advances,” the pany mander said. (1985, 上海) A. keep B. keeps C. kept D. have kept13. Zhangs family _ rather big, with twelve people in all. (08,上海)A. is B. are C. being D. was14_ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass（xx，上海） ATwo fifthis BTwo fifthare CTwo fifthsis DTwo fifthsare15Every possible means _ to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear.（xx，上海） Ais used Bare used Chas been used Dhave been used16.The number of people invitedfifty, but a number of them _absent for different reasons. 【NMET06】A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were【答案與解析】1.A該題考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與主謂一致的用法。前部分永樂現(xiàn)在完成是表結(jié)果，后半部分說銷售達(dá)到五千萬，也是表結(jié)果，the sales是復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。句意： 她創(chuàng)造了一項(xiàng)新紀(jì)錄，也就是說，她的新書的銷售達(dá)到了五千萬。2. A該題考查主謂一致的用法。The teacher 是單數(shù)，此題用過去時(shí)。句意：那位老師和她班的6位女生8位男生，地震的時(shí)候正在參觀博物館。3.A 該題考查主謂一致與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。with five thousand books是A library的修飾語，主于還是A library故用單數(shù)，A library和offer是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的客觀事實(shí)故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。句意：一個(gè)書庫連同5000冊(cè)書作為禮品捐獻(xiàn)給了這個(gè)國家。4A該題考查主謂一致與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。不定式作主語用單數(shù)。句意：什么時(shí)候，在哪建新工廠還未定下來。5B該題考查主謂一致的用法。milk為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。句意：瓶子里有很多奶。6A該題考查主謂一致的用法。as well as telephones是E-mail的修飾語, 主于還是E-mail故用單數(shù)。句意：E-mail還有電話在日常交際中起著很重要的作用。7B該題考查主謂一致的用法。but Jane是 Nobody的修飾語, 主于還是Nobody故用單數(shù)。此處強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。句意：除了詹沒人知道這個(gè)秘密。8D該題考查主謂一致的用法。All是主語，but one只是修飾語。句意：除了一個(gè)外，都在這。9D該題考查主謂一致的用法。one of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)作先行詞，如果one前面有the only時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。句意：他是這三年以來唯一一個(gè)獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的學(xué)生。10B該題考查主謂一致的用法。使用就近原則。句意：不僅我而且詹與瑪麗都討厭一個(gè)接一個(gè)的考試。11.D該題考查主謂一致的用法。使用就近原則。句意：要么你要么是校長在會(huì)上為獲獎(jiǎng)學(xué)生頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?2.B該題考查主謂一致的用法。此句主語是news故用單數(shù)。句意：隊(duì)長說“我們的部隊(duì)一邊向前開進(jìn)，勝利的消息一個(gè)接一個(gè)的傳來。”13A該題考查主謂一致的用法。使用意義一致原則。family強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體，故用單數(shù)。句意：張的家庭很大，共有十二口人。14. C該題考查主謂一致的用法。分?jǐn)?shù)是由“基數(shù)詞+序數(shù)詞”構(gòu)成，如果基數(shù)詞大于2序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，land為不可數(shù)名詞，故謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。句意：該地區(qū)五分之二的土地為樹木和草所覆蓋。15.C該題考查主謂一致的用法。Means作“手段, 方法”解時(shí)，但復(fù)數(shù)一致，every修飾的就是單數(shù)。句意：所有的阻止污染的辦法都用了，但是天空仍然不晴朗。16. C 該題考查主謂一致的用法。the number of 意思是“的數(shù)目”，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)；a number of 的意思是“許多”，后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式。句意：邀請(qǐng)的人數(shù)50人，但是因種種原因有很多人缺席。第二節(jié) 考點(diǎn)歸納句子與句子成分在高考語法詞匯方面雖然未直接體現(xiàn)，但是理解題干、閱讀、寫作等方面都非常重要，因此在本章中涉及了此方面的內(nèi)容。一、句子成分由詞或短語構(gòu)成的能表達(dá)一個(gè)比較完整意思的語言單位,叫做句子(Sentence)。 構(gòu)成句子的詞和短語根據(jù)它們?cè)诰渥又械淖饔每煞譃槿舾删渥映煞?Members of the Sentence)。一個(gè)句子要表達(dá)一個(gè)比較完整的意思,通常必須要有主語(Subject)和謂語(Predicate)兩個(gè)主要部分。（一）主語(Subject)主語表明句子中說的是誰或是什么。通常由名詞和代詞來擔(dān)任。此外,數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、主語從句也可以用作主語。例如：The teacher told us an interesting story.老師告訴我們一個(gè)有趣的故事。(名詞)We love our motherland. 我們熱愛祖國。(代詞)Four and five is nine. 四加五等于九。(數(shù)詞)Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(動(dòng)名詞)To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。(動(dòng)詞不定式)What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。(從句)（二）謂語(Predicate Verb)謂語是用來說明主語做什么、是什么或怎么樣的。謂語中不可缺少的部分是動(dòng)詞,通常叫謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞主要由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語擔(dān)任,有時(shí)也可由系動(dòng)詞加一個(gè)形容詞或名詞(或起同樣作用的其他詞類、短語或從句)擔(dān)任。在后一種情況中,用來與系動(dòng)詞合成謂語的成分,叫做表語(Predicative) 也有人叫做主語補(bǔ)足語(Subject plement)。例如：We read English every morning.我們每天早晨讀英語。(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)His brother is a doctor. 他哥哥是醫(yī)生。(系動(dòng)詞)Mr Smith became angry.史密斯先生生氣了。(系動(dòng)詞)（三）賓語(Object)賓語一般用在及物動(dòng)詞后面,表示行為對(duì)象或結(jié)果。介詞后面的名詞或代詞,叫做介詞的賓語。通常由名詞和代詞擔(dān)任。此外,數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞(短語)、動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、賓語從句也可以用作賓語。例如：Have you finished the exercise?你做完練習(xí)了嗎?(名詞作賓語)Lei Feng always thought of others.雷鋒總是想著別人。(代詞作介詞賓語)She tore the cloth in three. 她把布撕成三塊(名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語；數(shù)詞作介詞的賓語)She doesnt allow smoking in her house.她不允許在她的房子里抽煙。(動(dòng)名詞作賓語)You should continue to learn as long as you live.要活到老學(xué)到老。(不定式作賓語)I dont know when he will e.我不知道他什么時(shí)候來。(賓語從句作賓語)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語：直接賓語(Direct Object)與間接賓語(Indirect Object)。直接賓語通常出現(xiàn)在間接賓語之后。間接賓語一般是代表人的,直接賓語一般是代表事物的。例如：He gave the little girl a toy. =He gave a toy to the little girl.他給這個(gè)小女孩一個(gè)玩具。I bought a new book for Mary. 我給瑪麗買了一本書。（四）定語(Attribute)定語是用來修飾或限制名詞或代詞。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、分詞和定語從句等都可用作定語。例如：His words moved everyone present. 他的話使在場(chǎng)的人都很感動(dòng)。(形容詞修飾不定代詞,要放在其后) This is a stone bridge. 這是一座石橋。(名詞作定語)His father is our maths teacher. 他爸爸是我們的數(shù)學(xué)老師。(代詞作定語)We belong to the third world. 我們屬于第三世界。(數(shù)詞作定語)They should have told us if there was anything up. 要是出了什么事,他們是應(yīng)當(dāng)告訴我們的。(副詞作定語)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. 這位科學(xué)家昨天給我們作了有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的報(bào)告。Do you have anything more to say? 你還有什么要說的嗎?(不定式作定語)Do you know the number of books ordered by the library.你知道圖書館定購了多少本書嗎?(過去分詞作定語)Barking dogs seldom bite. 愛叫的狗很少咬人。(現(xiàn)在分詞作定語)He is a man whom we should all learn from. 他是一個(gè)大家都應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)的人。(定語從句作定語)（五）狀語(Adverbial Modifier)狀語是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。主要由副詞擔(dān)任。此外,形容詞、介詞短語、名詞詞組、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、分詞短語及狀語從句都可用作狀語。例如：There is no post office around. 附近沒有郵局。(副詞)They all rushed over, eager to help.他們都跑了過來,急于要幫忙。(形容詞)We learn to swim by swimming. 我們通過游泳學(xué)游泳。(介詞)I shall stay another five months. 我將再呆五個(gè)月。(名詞詞組)I found her very difficult to work with. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)和她共事特別難。(動(dòng)詞不定式)She doesnt like to sit there doing nothing.她不愿意什么也不干閑坐在那里。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)He returned us the papers uncorrected.他把我們的作業(yè)沒改就發(fā)還了。Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.不管在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。(地點(diǎn)狀語從句)Ill let you know as soon as it is arranged.等安排好我就通知你。(時(shí)間狀語從句)They will go to work on the farm if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天氣好的話,他們就到農(nóng)場(chǎng)干活。(條件狀語從句)教你巧學(xué)巧記：巧析句子成分分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)首先要找出主語和謂語。主語是一個(gè)句子敘述的主體，常在句首，由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。位于說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。然后，再分析其他的詞和短語，確定它們的成分。一、如果說明名詞或代詞，有三種情況：1修飾關(guān)系是定語。如：I like hardworking students. 我喜歡學(xué)習(xí)勤奮的學(xué)生。（hardworking在此修飾students，故是定語。）2是解釋說明的關(guān)系，在語法上又處于同等地位，是同位語。如：He enjoys reading all sorts of books, science, fiction, biography etc.他喜歡讀各種書籍科學(xué)、小說、傳記等。（science, fiction, biography用來解釋和說明books，故是同位語。）3邏輯上的主謂（或主系表）關(guān)系，意義上的補(bǔ)充，是補(bǔ)語。The man, tired and sleepy, went to bed. 那個(gè)人又困又累，就去睡了。（The man和tired and sleepy在邏輯上成主系表關(guān)系，如可說成：The man was tired and sleepy.故tired and sleepy是主語補(bǔ)足語）They named their first boy Jimmy.他們給第一個(gè)男孩取名叫吉米。（賓語their first boy和Jimmy在邏輯上主系表關(guān)系，如可說成：Their first boy is Jimmy. 故Jimmy是賓語補(bǔ)足語）二、如果說明動(dòng)詞,有兩種情況:1修飾關(guān)系，是狀語。如：The girl is improving remarkably. 這個(gè)女孩大有進(jìn)步。（remarkably是用來修飾動(dòng)詞improving的，故是狀語。）2動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，是賓語。如：They found the missing boy at last. 他們終于找到了那個(gè)失蹤的男孩。（boy是謂語動(dòng)詞found的對(duì)象，故可判定boy是賓語。）三、如果說明形容詞，有兩種情況：1修飾關(guān)系，是狀語。如：The kitchen is reasonably clean. 廚房還算干凈。（reasonably是用來修飾形容詞clean的，故是狀語。）2詞義的補(bǔ)充，一般是賓語。如：His new novel is worth reading. 他的新書值得一讀。（reading是用來補(bǔ)充說明形容詞worth的，故可看成worth的賓語。）四、在系動(dòng)詞后，說明主語的特征、狀態(tài)和身份等，是表語。也稱為一種主語補(bǔ)足語。如：She will bee a good wife. 她會(huì)成一個(gè)好妻子。（wife是系動(dòng)詞bee的表語）五、如果和句子沒有語法聯(lián)系，較獨(dú)立成分。包括：1稱呼語。如：Peter, you are wanted on the phone. 彼得，有你的電話。2感嘆語。如：Why, the cage is empty. 哎呀，籠子空了。3插入語。如：Worst still, the storm washed the top soil.更糟糕的是，暴雨把地表的土全沖走了二、句子（一）簡單句只有一個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞的句子稱為簡單句。英語簡單句可分為五種基本句型，其它的句子可看成是這幾種基本句型的擴(kuò)展、組合、倒裝、省略。這五個(gè)基本句式：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V）；主系表結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + P ）；主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + O ）；主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + IO + DO）；主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + O + C） 說明：S=主語；V=謂語；P=表語；O=賓語；IO=間接賓語；DO=直接賓語；C=賓語補(bǔ)足語簡單句的五種基本句型歌訣學(xué)會(huì)準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用英語簡單句的五大基本句型，是學(xué)好英語的基本功之一。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)花些時(shí)間掌握它們。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)口訣：英語句子萬萬千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類為動(dòng)詞，后接什么是關(guān)鍵；系詞后面接表語；vi.獨(dú)身無牽連；vt.又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見，還有賓語補(bǔ)足語；各種搭配記心間。1、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V）在此句式中，V是不及物動(dòng)詞，又叫自動(dòng)詞(vi)。He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他們聽得很仔細(xì)。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨凍受餓。China belongs to the third world country中國屬于第三世界國家。The gas has given out煤氣用完了。My ink has run out我的鋼筆水用完了。Plants grow well all the year round.一年四季植物生長良好。2、主系表結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + P ）在此句式中，V是系動(dòng)詞(link v)，常見的系動(dòng)詞有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，bee，turn等。He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seems interested in the book他似乎對(duì)這本書感興趣。The story sounds interesting這個(gè)故事聽起來有趣。The desk feels hard書桌摸起來很硬。The cake tastes nice餅嘗起來很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice花聞起來香甜。You have grown taller than before你長得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他靜靜地站著。He bees a teacher when he grew up他長大后當(dāng)了教師。He could never turn traitor to his country他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)背叛他的祖國。注意：有些動(dòng)詞同時(shí)也是及物動(dòng)詞，可構(gòu)成SVO句式。He looked me up and down他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant他伸出手來摸象。They are tasting the fish他們?cè)谄穱L魚。They grow rice in their hometown他們?cè)诩亦l(xiāng)種水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English請(qǐng)把這個(gè)句于譯成英語。3、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + O ）在此句式中，V是及物動(dòng)詞(vt)，因此有賓語。I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部電影。 Have you read the story?你讀過這個(gè)故事嗎?They found their home easily他們很容易地找到他們的家。They built a house last year他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印heyve put up a factory in the village他們?cè)诖謇锝艘蛔S。They have taken good care of the children他們把這些孩子照看得很好。You should look after your children well你應(yīng)該好好照看你的孩子。4、主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + IO + DO）在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞。常見的須帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。（1）簡接賓語可以緊接動(dòng)詞之后，也可以用to后置。He gave me a book/a book to me他給了我一本書。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他帶給我一枝鋼筆。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位讓給我。 （2）簡接賓語可以緊接動(dòng)詞之后，也可以用for后置Mother bought me a book/a book for me.媽媽給我買了一本書。He got me a chair/a chair for me他給我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me請(qǐng)幫我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他問我個(gè)問題。（3）簡接賓語不能緊接動(dòng)詞之后，要用介詞后置They robbed the old man of his money他們搶了老人的錢。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危險(xiǎn)。The doctor has cured him of his disease醫(yī)生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我們必須趕走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他們剝奪了他說話的權(quán)利。5、主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（S + V + O + C）在此句式中，V是有賓語補(bǔ)足語的及物動(dòng)詞。常帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。常見的可接賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞很多，哪些動(dòng)詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補(bǔ)，須根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請(qǐng)看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他們使這個(gè)女孩生氣了。They found her happy that day他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。I found him out我發(fā)現(xiàn)他出去了。I saw him in我見他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他們?cè)谏车厣习l(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)腳印。They named the boy Charlie他們給這個(gè)男孩起名為查理。I saw him e in and go out我見他進(jìn)來又出去。They felt the car moving fast他們感到汽車行駛得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我剛才聽到玻璃碎了。He found the door of study closed to him他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究所的大門對(duì)他關(guān)閉了。6、There be 句型There be 結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)重要的基本句型，它由 “There + be + 主語+ 狀語”構(gòu)成。There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本書。There is a desk and two chairs in the room.屋子里有一張桌子兩把椅子。二、并列句由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句并列連接起來的句子稱為并列句(pound sentence)。并列句中的各個(gè)簡單句彼此獨(dú)立，互不依從，但它們表達(dá)的意思之間有一定的關(guān)系。并列句中的各個(gè)簡單句通常用并列連詞連接起來。并列連詞之前可用逗號(hào)，也可不用逗號(hào)（但however、therefore、otherwise等并列連詞前后都常有逗號(hào)）。常見的并列句結(jié)構(gòu)是：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句。這種簡單句常被叫做分句。并列連詞（或連接副詞）根據(jù)不同含義，分為如下幾類：1、表示連接，常用的有and、not only.but also、neither.nor等。Right now its the summer vacation and Im helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期間，我?guī)椭职衷谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)里干活。Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不僅是我們的老師，而且是我們的朋友。Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents e to search for him. 這調(diào)皮的男孩既不回家，他的父母也不尋找他。2、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的有but、yet、sill、however、while等。We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.在美國的南方，我們種植稻谷，而在較冷的北方，人們種植小麥。The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldnt find any work. 這個(gè)工人在紐約找工作己有幾個(gè)月之久，但是仍然沒有找到。Certainly he apologized, however, I wont forgive him. 他的確道歉了，然而我不會(huì)原諒他。Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could. 他反問他父親，為什么他不能孵出小雞，而母雞卻能。3、表示選擇，常用的有or、or else、otherwise、otherwise、either.or等。They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 他們必須從爐火邊拿走，不然就有可能烤糊的。Take this bus or else you wont get there in time.搭這輛公共汽車吧，否則你將無法及時(shí)到達(dá)那里。Work hard, otherwise youll be sorry. 努力用功，否則你會(huì)后悔。Either you are mad or I am. 不是你瘋了，就是我瘋了。4、表示原因，只有for一個(gè)詞。They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one , for being blind, how could they? 他們常常聽說過大象，但從來沒看到過，因?yàn)樗麄兪窍棺樱趺茨芸吹侥兀?、表示結(jié)果，常用的有so、therefore。Its time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 這是一年中收割稻谷的時(shí)期，因此，我每天都從早到晚的勞動(dòng)。He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car. 他日夜工作，所以有能力買那輛跑車。6、并列復(fù)合句除以上簡單的并列句之外，還有一種較復(fù)雜的并列句，叫做并列復(fù)合句(pound plex sentence)，即其中的一個(gè)分句可包含一個(gè)以上從句。I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup. 我吮吸了手指，但是我放進(jìn)嘴里的指頭不是我在杯子里蘸了一下的那個(gè)指頭。這句話中的第二個(gè)分句即含有定語從句I put into my mouth及I had dipped into the cup。在語言的實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，可能會(huì)有更加復(fù)雜的并列句，如并列句可有更多的分句，分句里可能有一個(gè)以上的從句，從句里可能又有從句。但讀者只要掌握了各種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，不管句子多么復(fù)雜，自會(huì)迎刃而解。（三）復(fù)合句復(fù)合句(plex sentence)由一個(gè)主句(main clause)和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句(subordinate clause)構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元?dú)立存在；從句則只用作句子的一個(gè)成份，不能獨(dú)立。從句不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子，雖然它也有主語部分和謂語部分。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)，并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。從句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+主語+謂語。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞共有下列5類：1、從屬連詞：that（無詞義），before（在前），whether（是否），after（在之后），if（假如、是否），since（既然、自從）, because（因?yàn)椋?，as/so long as（只要），when（當(dāng)時(shí)候），so that（結(jié)果）（2）疑問代詞：who, which, whom, what, whose等。（3）疑問副詞：when, why, where, how（4）關(guān)系代詞：who, which, whom, that, whose（5）關(guān)系副詞：when, why, where2、關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中的功用舉例We cant travel through the forest by road because there arent any roads! 我們不能從陸路穿過森林，因?yàn)檫@兒根本沒有路可走?。P(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞because，引導(dǎo)狀語從句）I think that its wrong to eat monkeys, so I dont.我認(rèn)為吃猴子是不對(duì)的，所以我不吃。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中不作成份）Anybody who breaks the rule is punished. 誰要是破壞了這條規(guī)則，誰就要受到懲罰。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是關(guān)系代詞who，引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作主語）Although it was expensive, we decided to buy the puter.雖然價(jià)錢昂貴，我們還是決定把計(jì)算機(jī)買下來。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞although，引導(dǎo)狀語從句）Would you please let me know when you have a match?你們有比賽的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)告訴我好嗎？（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞when，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作狀語）What we need is more time.我們需要的是更多的時(shí)間。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞what，引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作賓語）3、從句的功用和種類從句在復(fù)合句中，可作主語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語等，因此，可分為六類：即主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.這座水壩是世界上最大的一座，長3830米。（含有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句）Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.當(dāng)11層樓起火的時(shí)候，大樓內(nèi)有500人在工作。（含有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句）The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主編決定哪篇報(bào)導(dǎo)最重要，應(yīng)安排在頭版。（含有which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句）Whether she will e or not is still a question. 她是否會(huì)來仍是一個(gè)問題。（含有whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句）That is where he was born. 這就是他出生的地方。（含有where引導(dǎo)的表語從句）We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到了我們球隊(duì)己經(jīng)獲勝的消息。（含有that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句）三、主謂一致句子的主語有單復(fù)數(shù)及人稱的變化，其謂語動(dòng)詞需要根據(jù)主語的人稱和數(shù)的不同而有所變化。即：謂語動(dòng)詞與其主語在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致。主語的人稱，特別是主語的數(shù)是決定謂語形式的關(guān)鍵。除第一人稱I和第二人稱you之外，單數(shù)主語之后的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；復(fù)數(shù)主語之后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致要遵循下面三個(gè)原則：（一）語法上的一致所謂語法一致原則，即主語和謂語的語法形式在人稱和數(shù)上取得一致。謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式而定:主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；主語為單數(shù)或者是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。1、當(dāng)主語是and，bothand連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指的是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。My mother and I have seen the film. 我媽媽和我已看過這部電影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中國的這個(gè)地方既種稻子又種小麥。注意：由and連接的并列主語前面分別有each，every，no修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我國每一個(gè)男女孩子都得受教育。No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 師生沒有被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)。2、如果主語后面接說明主語的修飾語如 with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，and not，but，except，besides，including，in addition to，謂語動(dòng)詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系。The parents, and not the son, were missing.失蹤者不是兒子，而是他的雙親。The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老師和兩個(gè)學(xué)生參加了會(huì)議。E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily munication.電郵和電話在日常的通信中起著很重要的作用。All but one were here just now. 剛才除了一個(gè)人外都來了。3、如果非謂語動(dòng)詞 (動(dòng)詞的-ing形式、不定式)或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。Checking information is very important. 核實(shí)事實(shí)是非常重要的。To learn foreign languages is not easy. 學(xué)習(xí)外語并非易事。When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我們何時(shí)開會(huì)尚未決定。注意：當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)主語從句或由 and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定。What we need here is money我們這里需要的是資金。 What we need here are workers我們這里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral說謊與偷竊是不道德的。4、each和some/any/no/every十body/one/thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Each is worse than the one before. 一個(gè)比一個(gè)差。Nobody knows the answer.do they ?沒有人知道這答案。Someone wants to see you. 有人想見你。注意：表示不定代詞在附加的問句中再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Anybody can enter for the race, cant they?Everyone in our class goes in for sports, dont they? 在口語中，特別是對(duì)話中，為避免明確指出所指對(duì)象的性別。Everybody was wearing their shorts.I told everyone to run as fast as they can.something, everything 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) （包括在反意問句的陳述和疑問部分中）：Everything has gone wrong today, hasnt it ?5、“many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一個(gè))+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多學(xué)生去過北京。There is more than one answer to your question. 你的問題不只有一個(gè)答案。6、“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞十定語從句”之前有the only，the very，the等限定詞和修飾語時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man. 湯姆是唯一的一個(gè)愿意幫助那個(gè)老人的男孩。He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years他是這三年來唯一的一個(gè)獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的學(xué)生。注意:如沒有這些限定詞和修飾語，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 湯姆是個(gè)隨時(shí)愿意幫助別人的男孩。7、英語中有些由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名稱如g1asses(眼鏡)，scissors(剪刀)，shorts(短褲)，shoes(鞋子)，trousers(褲子)goods(貨物)belongs（財(cái)產(chǎn)）cloths（衣服）savings（儲(chǔ)蓄金）等作主語，其后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。His glasses were broken, so he cant see well. 他的眼鏡碎了，因而看不清楚。His trousers are made of cotton. 他的褲子是棉布的。注意:若這類名詞前帶有pair等表示單位的名詞時(shí)，則以這些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定動(dòng)詞的形式。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 兩條褲子不見了。This pair of shoes is not on sale. 這雙鞋不出售。8、主語部分含有pair of ;suit of 等短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與pair,suit等保持一致。如：On bed is a pair of socks. On bed are two pairs of socks.9.large/big quanti ties/amounts of 加可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)名詞做主語都用復(fù)數(shù)例如With more forests being destroyed ,huge quantities of good earth each year.A.is washing away B.is being washed away C. are washing away D.are being washed away選擇D（二）意義上的一致意義上的一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞與主語的一致取決于主語所表達(dá)的意義。若主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上是單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)；若主語形式上為單數(shù)，而意義上為復(fù)數(shù)，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。1、由and連接兩個(gè)并列主語 其后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞指同一個(gè)人、同一事物、單一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如：a knife and fork ;a cart and horse;the bread and butter;the needle and thread;a cup and saucer;my house and home;cause and effect;supply and demand;pen and ink early to bed and early to rise;when and where等。有時(shí)兩個(gè)名詞共用一個(gè)冠詞表示同一概念。The worker and writer has written a new novel. 這位工人兼作家寫了一部新小說。(兩個(gè)名詞共用一個(gè)冠詞)There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美國有一個(gè)名叫亞利克斯哈利的記者兼作家。Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真誠總是上策。2、形復(fù)意單的名詞作主語（1）復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞（表示國家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織以及書籍、報(bào)紙、雜志等）做主語，通常作為整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The United States is in North America.美國在北美洲。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.天方夜譚是流傳世界各地的名著。The New York Times has a wide circulation.紐約時(shí)報(bào)銷路很廣。注意：表示山脈、群島、瀑布等的專有名詞和以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿爾卑斯山脈跨越了四國。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亞加拉瀑布沒有維多利亞瀑布高。The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀請(qǐng)。There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三個(gè)叫瑪麗、兩個(gè)叫羅伯特的學(xué)生。（2）以-ics結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科的名詞做主語，通常表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。這類名詞有：physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。Politics is now taught in all schools.現(xiàn)在各學(xué)校都開