2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項突破 考點精講 第六節(jié) 非謂語動詞考點一非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主動形式被動形式動詞不定式一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進行式to have been doing動詞ing形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done過去分詞只有一種形式done考點二非謂語動詞作狀語1不定式作狀語(1)作目的狀語，有時用in order to或so as to。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成為贏家，你要付出所有并竭盡全力。(2)作結(jié)果狀語，常用結(jié)構(gòu)enough to，too.to.，only to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因狀語，此時常與表示情感的形容詞連用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。Im very glad to hear the news.我非常高興聽到這個消息。(4)在“主語系動詞形容詞to do”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用主動形式表示被動含義。The question is very difficult to answer.這個問題很難回答。2動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作狀語(1)動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作狀語時與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，having done表示先于謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的動作。Not knowing his address, I cant call on him.由于不知道他的地址，我無法拜訪他。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.由于沒有收到回信，他打算再寫一封。(2)動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)可作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步等狀語。The children came in, talking and laughing.孩子們進來時邊說邊笑。3過去分詞作狀語(1)過去分詞作狀語時與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語動作發(fā)生。Inspired by his speech, we took action at once.在他演講的鼓舞下，我們馬上行動了起來。(2)某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，此時作狀語時相當(dāng)于形容詞作狀語。After a days work, he returned home，exhausted. 工作了一天后，他回到家，疲憊不堪。4不定式與動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作結(jié)果狀語的比較不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示意想不到的結(jié)果；而動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作結(jié)果狀語表示自然而然的結(jié)果。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙到達車站，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)出站了。It rained heavily in the south，causing serious flooding in several provinces.南方下了大雨，造成了幾個省嚴(yán)重的洪澇災(zāi)害。5動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)與過去分詞作狀語的比較作狀語時，是用動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)還是過去分詞，取決于該動詞與主語之間的關(guān)系，若為意義上的主動關(guān)系，則用動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)；若為動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個公園更加美麗。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.從山頂上看，這個公園顯得更加美麗?？键c三非謂語動詞作定語1不定式作定語(1)不定式作定語時與所修飾的詞之間存在動賓關(guān)系，如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞，一般要跟相應(yīng)的介詞。但是，如果不定式修飾的名詞是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣省去。He has a lot of things to deal with.他有許多事情需要處理。(2)若名詞前有序數(shù)詞、最高級或no，all，only等修飾，后面一般用不定式作定語。He is always the first to e to school.他總是第一個到校。(3)用來修飾抽象名詞時常用不定式作定語，常見的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。I dont trust his promise to e for a call.我不相信他來訪的諾言。2動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作定語動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作定語時與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示動作的主動和進行。The girl singing on the stage is his sister.在臺上唱歌的那個女孩是他的妹妹。3過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語時與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，表示動作的被動和完成。Have you read the novel written by Mo Yan?你看過莫言的那本小說嗎？4to be done, being done與done作定語時的比較This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.這是明天要討論的問題。(表被動、將來)This is the problem being discussed now.這是現(xiàn)在正在討論的問題。(表被動、進行)This is the problem discussed yesterday.這是昨天討論過的問題。(表被動、完成)考點四非謂語動詞作賓語(主語)補足語1不定式作賓補(1)常跟不定式作賓補的動詞有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等，常構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)tell sb.to do sth.(以tell為例)。The teacher encouraged us to write a position every week.老師鼓勵我們每周寫一篇作文。(2)感官動詞和使役動詞后面作賓補的不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，作主補的不定式需帶to。常見的詞有：一感覺：feel；二聽：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作賓補的不定式符號to可有可無。I saw him go into the room just now.我剛才看見他走進了這個屋子。He was seen to go into the room just now.有人看見他剛才走進了這個屋子。(3)下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主補，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。Our football team is reported to have won the match.據(jù)報道，我們的足球隊贏得了這場比賽。2動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓補動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓補時強調(diào)賓語發(fā)出的動作正在進行。常見帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：六讓：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；兩聽：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一發(fā)現(xiàn)：find；一感覺：feel等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?聽！你聽到有人喊救命嗎？3過去分詞作賓補過去分詞作賓補時其動詞形式與賓語發(fā)出的動作有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，且表示完成。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生度假期間，他家被盜了?？键c五非謂語動詞作賓語1有些動詞只能跟不定式作賓語，常見的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。We agreed to meet here, but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我們約好在此地見面，但她到現(xiàn)在還未露面。2有些動詞或短語只能跟動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語，常見的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(錯過)，risk，suggest, be used to(習(xí)慣于)，cant stand(無法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他為這次面試做了充分準(zhǔn)備，因為他不能冒失去這次好機會的風(fēng)險。3有些動詞既可跟不定式又可跟動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語，意義區(qū)別不大，但表示經(jīng)常性的動作常用動詞ing形式(動名詞)，表示具體的動作常用不定式，常見的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。I like playing/to play football. 我喜歡踢足球。4有些動詞或短語既可跟不定式又可跟動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語，但意義有著明顯的區(qū)別，常見的有：forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)forget doing sth.忘記做過某事(已做)remember to do sth. 記得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth. 記得做過某事(已做)try to do sth. 盡力去做某事try doing sth. 試著做某事regret to do sth. 對即將做的事感到遺憾(未做)regret doing sth. 對做過的事感到后悔(已做)stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事(此處不定式作狀語)stop doing sth. 停止做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做同一件事cant help (to) do sth. 不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事That would mean wasting a lot of labor.那將意味著浪費很多勞動力。Really? I dont mean to waste any labor.真的嗎？我并沒打算浪費勞動力。5動詞need，want，require后跟doing作賓語時，主動形式表示被動含義，另外be worth doing也是主動表示被動。The young trees need watering/to be watered. 這些小樹需要澆水。6介詞后一般跟動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語，但but/except后接不定式作賓語，若前面有實義動詞do則不帶to，反之則帶to。He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.他無事可做，只好躺下睡覺。7動詞如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等詞后接不定式作賓語，賓語后跟形容詞或名詞作賓補，此時要用it作形式賓語。He found it hard to solve the problem.他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難解答這個難題。8某些動詞跟動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語，但需跟不定式作賓補，常見的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。They dont allow smoking in the office.他們不允許在辦公室吸煙。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他們不允許他在辦公室吸煙?？键c六非謂語動詞作主語和表語1不定式與動詞ing形式(動名詞)作主語和表語的區(qū)別不定式表示某一具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動作；動詞ing形式(動名詞)表示抽象的、泛指的動作。作主語時常用it作形式主語而把不定式或動詞ing形式(動名詞)置后。Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危險。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火會發(fā)生危險。It is no use crying over split milk. 覆水難收。2過去分詞與動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作表語的區(qū)別兩者作表語時基本都是已經(jīng)形容詞化的動詞ing形式(動名詞)或過去分詞，此時表示“令人的”用動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)；表示“感到的”用過去分詞。The boy was disappointing. His parents felt disappointed.這個孩子令人失望，他的父母感到很失望?？键c七獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?？嫉莫毩⒅鞲窠Y(jié)構(gòu)的形式1(with)名詞/代詞不定式(表主動、將來)With so much work to do, I cant go swimming with you.有那么多工作要做，我不能和你一起去游泳。2(with)名詞/代詞動詞ing形式(表主動、進行)With so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.那么多人看著他，他感到很緊張。3(with)名詞/代詞過去分詞 (表被動、完成)The problem solved, the quality has been improved.問題解決了，質(zhì)量也提高了。(對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第250頁).用括號中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1(xx重慶高考改編)The engine just wont start. Something seems_(go) wrong with it.【解析】seem后面接不定式形式而不接ing形式；由于“出故障”發(fā)生在謂語動詞seems之前，所以應(yīng)用不定式的完成時?！敬鸢浮縯o have gone2(xx新課標(biāo)全國卷改編)The sunlight is white and blinding，_(throw) hardedged shadows on the ground.【解析】句意：陽光明亮刺眼，在地上投下輪廓分明的影子。所填部分在句中作伴隨狀語，且the sunlight與throw之間是主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞?！敬鸢浮縯hrowing3(xx新課標(biāo)全國卷改編)I got to the office earlier that day，_(catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，趕上七點半的火車這件事發(fā)生在前，到達辦公室發(fā)生在后，為了體現(xiàn)動作的先后，故使用分詞的完成時；主句主語與catch之間是主動關(guān)系，所以用having caught?！敬鸢浮縣aving caught4(xx山東高考改編)The room is empty except for a bookshelf _(stand) in one corner.【解析】句意：這個房間空蕩蕩的，只不過是角落里立著一個書架。根據(jù)except for可知，后面不能用謂語動詞形式，且bookshelf與stand之間存在邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。故用standing。【答案】standing5(xx湖南高考改編)The sun began to rise in the sky，_(bathe) the mountain in golden light.【解析】bathe“沐浴，籠罩”，可作及物動詞?！癬the mountain in golden light”在題目中作狀語。句意：太陽開始在空中升起，那座山沐浴在金色的陽光里。邏輯主語“the sun”與“bathe”之間為主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作狀語?！敬鸢浮縝athing6(xx北京高考改編)Volunteering gives you a chance_(change) lives, including your own.【解析】句意：做志愿者工作給你一個改變生活的機會，包括你自己的生活。名詞chance后面通常用動詞不定式作后置定語?！敬鸢浮縯o change7(xx湖南高考改編)_(stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.【解析】“_ warm at night”在句子中作目的狀語。句意：為了在晚上保持暖和，我填滿了柴爐。然后把鬧鐘定時到半夜，這樣我可以再填滿爐子。故用不定式形式?！敬鸢浮縏o stay8(xx山東高考改編)I stopped the car _(take) a short break as I was feeling tired.【解析】句意：我感到累了，因此將車停了下來稍做休息。此處用不定式表示目的?！敬鸢浮縯o take9(xx陜西高考改編)Let those in need_(understand)that we will go all out to help them.【解析】句意：讓那些需要援助的人們明白，我們將盡全力幫助他們。動詞let后接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，故填understand?！敬鸢浮縰nderstand10(xx四川高考改編)The airport_(plete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.【解析】句意：明年要竣工的飛機場將有助于促進這個地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表進行；不定式作定語時，表將來；過去分詞作定語時，表被動和完成。由空后的next year 可知應(yīng)填to be pleted?！敬鸢浮縯o be pleted11(xx江蘇高考改編)Lionel Messi，_(set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是非常完整的，缺少的成分只能是非謂語形式，主語Lionel Messi與set the record是主動關(guān)系，而且“創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄”已經(jīng)完成，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。【答案】having set12(xx新課標(biāo)全國卷改編)They might just have a place _(leave) on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try?【解析】句意：他們的寫作課可能僅剩下一個空位了，你為什么不去試一試呢？分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知所填部分在句中作賓語補足語，且place與leave之間是被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞?！敬鸢浮縧eft13(xx天津高考改編)In some languages，100 words make up half of all words _(use) in daily conversations.【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)知，“_ in daily conversations”作all words的定語。all words與use之間是被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞形式。句意：在有些語言里，100個詞匯就占了日常會話所有詞匯的一半。【答案】used14What moved us most was that some ordinary people volunteered to help those _ (catch) in the storm in Beijing.【解析】句意：最讓我們感動的是，一些普通人主動幫助那些被困在北京那場暴風(fēng)雨中的人。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“_ in the storm in Beijing”是分詞短語作后置定語修飾those，且catch與those構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用catch的過去分詞形式?！敬鸢浮縞aught15Changes _ (make) to the construction laws in Los Angeles have strengthened the citys buildings and highways，_(make)them more resistant to quakes.【解析】“made to the construction laws in Los Angeles”是過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾changes，make與changes之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系；后半句是ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語?！敬鸢浮縨ade；making.語法填空根據(jù)短語的意思用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。We decide _1_(give)a gift to our school for her birthday before our graduation.We had a heated discussion about what gift _2_(give)We think we should do whatever we can _3_(help)our school.Some advise _4_(plant)trees on the _5_(e)Treeplanting day _6_(make)our campus more beautiful，while others hold the view that we ought _7_(introduce)the history of our school to friends，schoolmates or relatives.Besides，_8_(show)them around our school is a better way to make her better _9_(know)I feel _10_(honour)to study in a key university，thanks to the teachers in our school.We all feel proud of her.【答案】1to givedecide to do sth.“決定做某事”，為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。2to give此處為不定式作后置定語，修飾gift，用主動形式表示被動。3to help此處為不定式作目的狀語，構(gòu)成“do what sb. can to do sth.”“盡某人所能去做某事”這一句式。4plantingadvise doing sth.“建議做某事”，為固定搭配。5ing此處為現(xiàn)在分詞形式作前置定語，意為“即將到來的”。6to make此處為不定式作目的狀語。7to introduce此處為ought to do sth.“應(yīng)該做某事”，為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。8showing此處為動名詞作主語，且表示主動。9known此處her指的是“our school”，與作賓語補足語的know有在邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞形式。10honoured此處為過去分詞作表語。