十一、主旨大意文章/段落大意題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,真題感悟,名師點津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,真題感悟,(2018江蘇，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomm.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Rozeschainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.,Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.,Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending“bad”tables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.Dinersatbadtablesnexttothekitchendoor，sayspentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedaboutbadtables”，giventhattheyreprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurantsreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffetspriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.,語篇解讀,語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。它主要通過引入現(xiàn)代餐館的鼻祖馬蒂蘭羅茲制訂的標準以及學者對于餐館的研究來介紹現(xiàn)代餐館在經(jīng)營中影響食客消費的幾個要素：視覺要素(餐具、燈光)、聽覺要素(音樂)、嗅覺要素(氣味)、其他要素(桌位、擁擠程度和價格)。素材旨在通過現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營理念，讓考生了解西方現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營之道。,58.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller.”可知，那些被給以大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒有飽腹感，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并沒有意識到自己比平時吃得多，所以nonethewiser意為“不清楚，不知道”。故選A項。,答案,解析,59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter.D.Usingplatesoflargersize.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，當演奏古典音樂而不是流行音樂的時候，食客們會花更多的錢。spentmore就是對題干中makemoreprofit的語義轉(zhuǎn)化。故選A項。,答案,解析,60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurantsreputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.,答案,解析,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.”可知，你可能認為會打消你消費的念頭的東西位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價格高未必如此(指在某些人看來，這些不利因素未必不會帶來利潤的增加)。由此可知，作者認為這些對于餐館的常見的觀點是一種誤解，故選D項。,名師點津,一、文章大意題的題型解讀說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題如社會文化類、人物故事類、科普說明類，多會考查文章大意類題。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthispassage?(2)Thepassageismainlyabout.(3)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(4)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.,二、文章大意題的解題技巧“主題句定位”尋主旨文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細節(jié)。,主題句的位置一般有以下幾種：(1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，用細節(jié)來解釋或拓展主題句所表達的主題思想，是最常見的演繹法寫作方式。新聞報道、說明文或議論文通常采用這種寫法。(2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點以概括主題，是最常見的歸納法寫作方式。(3)主題句首尾呼應。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)束時再次點出主題。(4)主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫作方式為：細節(jié)描述歸納主題進一步解釋。,以下是找主題句的四個小竅門：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however，but，infact，actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識地重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等詞。,三、段落大意題的題型解讀段落大意類題型多在說明文和議論文中所涉及的各類話題如社會文化類、科普說明類等進行考查。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis.(2)Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?(3)Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.,四、段落大意題的解題技巧,首尾兼顧知段意,(1)段首：說明文和議論文中的主題句常在段首句,(2)段尾：先表述細節(jié)，后歸納概括，段落中心在段尾,關(guān)鍵點：抓住段落的主題句,(3)段中間：先用一句或幾句話引出要表達的主題，再陳述主題，再論述細節(jié)，即引出主題段落中心再論述,(4)沒有明顯段落中心時，需概括段落內(nèi)容，總結(jié)段落中心,例如：真題感悟中第60題，根據(jù)文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.”可知，你可能認為會打消你消費的念頭的東西位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價格高未必如此(指在某些人看來，這些不利因素未必不會帶來利潤的增加)。由此可知，作者認為這些對于餐館的常見的觀點是一種誤解，故選D項。,隨堂限時練,A(2018貴州安順質(zhì)檢)Mostofushavelostourwalletatsomestageinourlives.Butfewwouldimaginehavingitreturnedafteranearlyseven-decadegap.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.Thewalletstayedthereuntilthisyearwhenabuilder，doingsome1restorationwork，finallyfoundit.,Thewalletisatimecapsule.Itsleatherandwebbinghaslongagostartedtodisintegrate.Butitcontainsnumerouspicturesoffamily，invoices(發(fā)票)，receipts，oldunioncards，resultsofachestX-ray(senttohimin1948，thesameyearastheNHSwasfounded)，anationalservicecarddated9December1944andamedicalinsurancecard.HisbusinesscardsEParker，ElectricalContractorseemalmostoriginal.Reflectingthetypicalmethodsofcontactofthetime，theyhaveanaddressbutnotelephonenumber.,AmonthagoIwasspeakingtoa8pressofficeratLambethPalaceandhementionedthatthewallethadjustbeenhandedin.Wethoughtitmightbenicetotryandworkoutwhoseitwasandgiveitbacktothefamily.EdwardParkerisaprettymonname，buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidencePoetsRoadandSpringdaleRoadinnorthLondon.Fromthis，IslingtonCouncilwereabletofinddetailsofamarriagebetweenEdwardParkerandConstanceButlerin1947.,ThatinformationwasenoughtoworkoutthathewasstillaliveandinacarehomeinEssex，soIwenttovisithim.Now89，Edwardhasdementia(癡呆)，buthewasclearlyhappytogetthewalletandinparticular，thephotographsback.Hepointedoutpicturesofhismotherandfather，hisbrother，hiscousinsandhiswifeConstance，whowaswithhimwhenIvisited.“Hehadntseenapictureofhisfathersincehelostthewallet，”Constance,90，says.,語篇解讀本文是一篇新聞報道，介紹了一個物歸原主的故事。愛德華帕克曾是一名電工，他于1950年維修因二戰(zhàn)受損的宮廷時，不慎將錢包丟失。直到今年，錢包被一名宮廷修復工人發(fā)現(xiàn)。錢包里的物品充滿了那個年代的回憶，89歲的愛德華帕克重新拿到錢包，非常開心。,語篇解讀,1.WecanpossiblyinferthatEdwardParker.A.onceworkedasanelectricaltechnicianB.alwayslosthiswalletC.onceparticipatedinWorldWarD.onceworkedasarestorationbuilder,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知，EdwardParker曾是一名electrician(電工)，因此A項正確。,答案,解析,2.Whatsthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A.Thematerialofthewallet.B.Theproducerofthewallet.C.The9contentsofthewallet.D.Theshapeofthewallet.,答案,解析,解析段落大意題。本題適合用排除法。A項錢包的材質(zhì)；B項錢包的制造商；C項錢包里的東西；D項錢包的外形。根據(jù)文章第二段，其中提到了錢包的外皮及邊線已破損，錢包里有picturesoffamily(家人照片)，invoices(發(fā)票)，receipts(收據(jù))，oldunioncards(工會卡)，resultsofachestX-ray(胸片報告)，anationalservicecard(服務卡)，amedicalinsurancecard(醫(yī)?？?，businesscards(名片)等物品，可知A項表述片面，B、D項未提及，僅C項符合題意。故選C。,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Butitcontains.(但是，錢包里有)”可知，錢包外皮還在，排除C、D項，A項“維護”，不符合文意；B項“損壞”，根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，“雖然錢包的外皮及邊線已破損，但里面有”，符合題意。故選B。,3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disintegrate”inthesecondparagraphmean?A.2Maintain.B.Damage.C.Disappear.D.Destroy.,答案,解析,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三句中的“buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence”可知，他的醫(yī)?？ㄉ嫌袃蓚€住址，此處明確了醫(yī)?？ㄊ钦业街魅说年P(guān)鍵物品。故選D。,4.Whatplaysakeyroleinreturningthewallettoitsowner?A.Businesscard.B.Nationalservicecard.C.Oldunioncard.D.Medicalcard.,答案,解析,BInthird-worldcountriessuchasSwazilandandHaiti，a$15-dollarinventionismakingaworldofdifference.Nokero，apanystartedbyBrianRants，sellslampsthatdonotrequirekerosene(煤油).Thesesolarlampshavebeeastaple(主流產(chǎn)品)incountriesinAfrica，toprovidelightforreadingandsafetyatnight.Nokerohassoldover500,000lampsinover120countriessinceitwasfirstfoundedin2010andRantsthinksthedemandforhisproductwillonlycontinuetoincrease.Mostlampsfoundinthird-worldcountries3currentlyrequirekerosenetorun，butkerosenecausesindoorpollutionandhasbeenlinkedtofiresthathavecausedoveramilliondeaths.,Insteadofexperiencingtheeffectsofsmoking40cigarettesadayfromkerosenelamps，Rantsthinkshissolarlampscouldbetheanswerforthird-worldcountries.TheEconomistagrees，callingsolarlights“thenextbig4innovationfortheworldspoor”.Nokerossolarlampsarehigherinqualityandlessexpensivethanalotofsolartechnology，makingthemapractical6optionformanypeopleinthird-worldcountries.,Ratherthangivingsolarlampstoindividualsinneed，Nokeros7missionistomakethem5affordable.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.FamilieswhobuyNokerossolarlampsmakeupthecostinjustafewmonthsofnothavingtobuykeroseneorpayforoff-the-gridelectricity.,語篇解讀本文主要介紹了由Nokero公司發(fā)明的不需要煤油的太陽能燈具，這些太陽能燈已經(jīng)成為非洲國家的主流產(chǎn)品，為夜間的閱讀和安全提供照明。,SomeactivistshaveattackedpaniessuchasNokeroforsellingproductstothepoorratherthansimplygivingthemoutforfree.Theyarguethatthesepaniesunfairlyprofitfromthepoor.However，Rantsdisagrees.Familiesreceiveaproductthatismuchhigherinqualitythanwhattheymightreceiveforfreeandfeelasenseofownershiphavingpurchaseditforthemselves.,語篇解讀,5.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarlampsinthepassage?A.Theysaveenergyandcausenopollution.B.Theyequaltheeffectof40cigarettesaday.C.Theyaregiventotheindividualsfreeofcharge.D.Theyhelptosavekeroseneinthird-worldcountries.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句可知，這種太陽能燈既節(jié)約能源，又沒有污染。故選A。,答案,解析,6.AccordingtoRants，ifthepooraregiventhelampsforfree，they.A.willhavetopayforkeroseneorelectricityB.wonttakegoodcareoforvaluethelampsC.willfeelasenseofownershipofthelampsD.wonthelptoincreasethesalesofthelamps,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句可知，如果免費送給窮人這種燈，他們就不會好好珍惜它們了。故選B。,答案,解析,7.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Aninnovationoftheworld.B.Advantagesofthesolarlights.C.Solutiontoworldspovertyproblems.D.Heavypollutioncausedbykerosenelamps.,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段所說Nokero的太陽能燈質(zhì)量更好，價格也比很多太陽能技術(shù)的燈便宜，適合發(fā)展中國家的人們使用，所以可知該段主要介紹了這種太陽能燈的優(yōu)點。故選B。,答案,解析,素材提煉再拓展,做完以上兩篇閱讀后，巧妙運用語境，解決障礙詞和長難句,.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思1.Wedbetterdosomerestorationworktosomethingsuchasanoldbuildingorapieceoffurniture，sothatitlooksthesameasitoriginallywas._2.CareersOfficersstillmaintaincontactwithyoungpeoplewhentheyhaveleftschool._,恢復，復原,維持；保持,3.Thematterwhichhasbeenconfusingusiscurrentlybeingdiscussedamongmanyexpertsinthemeetingroom.4.Wemustpromoteoriginality，inspirecreativityandencourageinnovation.5.Wethushavefullbeliefinpersonalgenomicsandpersonalisedmedicinethattheywillcertainlybeaffordabletomostpeopleindevelopingcountries.,目前，現(xiàn)在,改革，革新,支付得起,(二)同義詞語替換6.Criminalsaregiventheoptionofgoingtojailorfacingpublichumiliation._7.Hewassentonover200missionsbeforebeingkilledinaction.(三)一詞多義8.pressvt.壓，按；逼迫；vi.重壓；n.壓，按；報刊；印刷媒體；報道；評論；記者；新聞工作者；出版社；印刷機(1)Dontpressyouropinionsuponher._(2)Pressthisbuttontostarttheengine.,choice,assignments,逼迫,壓，按,(3)Tojudgefromthepress，theconcertwasagreatsuccess._(4)Christielookedrelaxedandcalmasshefacedthepressafterwards._(5)Apressoraprintingpressisamachineusedforprintingthingssuchasbooksandnewspapers._9.contentn.內(nèi)容；目錄；容量，含量；滿足；滿意；adj.滿意的；vt.使?jié)M足(1)Imperfectlycontentwiththewaythecampaignhasgone._(2)Sunflowermargarinehasthesamefatcontentasbutter._(3)Sheisreluctanttodiscussthecontentsoftheplay._(4)Youhavetocontentyourselfwithwhatyouhave._,報道；評論,記者,印刷機,滿意的,含量，容量,內(nèi)容,使?jié)M足,.長難句理解1.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.句式分析本句是一個復合句，句子的主干部分是EdwardParkerdroppedhiswallet；in1950作狀語；intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf作狀語；whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace為while引導的從句。,時間,地點,時間狀語,精美譯文,愛德華帕克在1950年作為電工維修王宮中二戰(zhàn)中炸彈炸毀處時，把錢包掉在了書櫥后面很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方。,2.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.句式分析本句是一個復合句，thatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree為從句，其中又含有一個who引導的從句。精美譯文_,賓語,定語,通過調(diào)查研究，蘭特意識到那些個體購買太陽能產(chǎn)品比免費得到這些產(chǎn)品，能更好地照顧和珍惜這些東西。,