二、段落概括的9大技巧,專題五第二節(jié)分類突破,讀寫任務(wù)型寫作中，開頭的30詞的段落概括是一篇好的書面表達(dá)的開始。我們必須從文體入手，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)，注意區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等邏輯關(guān)系。在概括文章時，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容，因?yàn)樗軌驇椭蠹腋斓靥岣卟蹲轿恼乱c(diǎn)的速度與準(zhǔn)確性。1.概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：瞄準(zhǔn)目的，省卻細(xì)節(jié)，拋棄例子。2.概括的寫作步驟：(1)確定主題句；(2)尋找關(guān)鍵詞；(3)重構(gòu)主題句；(4)重組支撐句。,3.注意概括段落的文體(1)對于故事性、記敘性的文體：要找出文中的時間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件(過程)、原因、結(jié)果(影響、感悟、啟發(fā)、啟迪、結(jié)論)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。(2)對于議論文，轉(zhuǎn)述時則要準(zhǔn)確而全面地概括作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。在文中找關(guān)鍵詞(主題字眼)；找出涉及主題的問題(作者看法)；找出相關(guān)問題的解決辦法?？梢越柚嚓P(guān)過渡詞，恰當(dāng)?shù)馗爬ㄎ恼乱c(diǎn)，切勿照抄原文句子。,4.如何寫主題句進(jìn)行讀寫任務(wù)型寫作時，因“寫作內(nèi)容”所列要點(diǎn)的順序已具有內(nèi)在的邏輯性，所以考生按照所給內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)順序?qū)懽骷纯桑瑹o需重新調(diào)整。一般是每個寫作要點(diǎn)安排一段，且將寫作內(nèi)容的每個要點(diǎn)作為各段的主題句，放在句首。這樣既符合英語的寫作習(xí)慣，又可以避免寫作時跑題或漏掉要點(diǎn)，并且層次分明，方便閱卷老師落實(shí)要點(diǎn)是否齊全。當(dāng)然，如果所給要點(diǎn)之間有非常緊密的聯(lián)系，也可以安排在同一段內(nèi)。,微技能突破,隨堂限時練,內(nèi)容索引,微技能突破,微技能(一)直接翻譯對不含提問性質(zhì)的要點(diǎn)，一般將其譯成英語即可，必要時可增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞。例如：1.其他督促學(xué)生認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的辦法。However，thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2.中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別。Frommypointofview，thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.,微技能(二)回答要點(diǎn)主題句對要點(diǎn)提問作出明確回答。例如：1.要點(diǎn)：學(xué)生的壓力來源是什么？Nowadays，studentsareundergreatpressure，whichmainlyesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2.要點(diǎn)：在小孩幾歲的時候教他們理財？用什么形式理財？Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmayacpanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.,微技能(三)明確觀點(diǎn)對帶有一般問句性質(zhì)、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要點(diǎn)，考生要明確表示支持還是反對、贊同還是不贊同、該還是不該等，或表明會不會做某事。例如：1.你是否也埋怨過父母。Asforme，Ialwaysplainaboutmyparentshighexpectationonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.,2.你是否贊同“狼爸”式的教育，并陳述你的理由。PersonallyIdisapproveofwhatisadvocatedinthebookentitled“ThatsWhyTheyGotoPekingUniversity”，becauseIwonderwhethertheadmissiontoaprestigiousuniversityhasbeetheonlymarkerofsuccessinmostparentsmind，orrather，afullstoptoparentalduties.,微技能(四)“重要”表達(dá)如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)劦闹匾浴?，主題句則為“有重要作用”；如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)動泻沃匾饬x”，主題句則為“很有意義”等。說明必要、重要或意義的常用表達(dá)有：1.Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.2.Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.3.sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin.4.sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.,5.Peopleareingtorealizetheimportanceof.6.Thesignificanceof.cannotbeovervalued.例如：1.談?wù)劒?dú)立的重要性。Inspiredbythestory，Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.2.談?wù)勗谖＜钡臓顩r下保持鎮(zhèn)靜的重要意義。Firstofall，keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.,微技能(五)表明看法對“你對的看法/態(tài)度”之類的寫作要點(diǎn)，考生可用inmyopinion/view，personally，asfarasImconcerned等開頭，直接表明自己的看法。例如：1.你對父母溺愛孩子的看法。Inmyopinion，overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildrensdevelopment.2.我對大學(xué)擴(kuò)招的看法。Frommypointofview，thistendencyshouldbecontinued，asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefast-growingeconomy.,微技能(六)引出經(jīng)歷由別人的經(jīng)歷引出自己的經(jīng)歷時可用以下句型來表達(dá)：1.Itremindsmeofthetimewhen.2.Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.3.Afterreadingthestoryabove，Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho.4.Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences.,例如：1.講述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的經(jīng)歷(時間、地點(diǎn)和起因)。Samsstoryremindsmeofmysimilarexperience.2.你(或你同學(xué))的一次車禍經(jīng)歷。Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.,題組過關(guān)1根據(jù)所給要點(diǎn)寫出每個段落的主題句1.要點(diǎn)：發(fā)脾氣的害處。_2.要點(diǎn)：我們能以木匠建房的態(tài)度去對待我們的生活嗎？_,Asweknow，gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtooneshealth，butalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.,答案,Innowayshouldwetreatourlifeinthewaylikethecarpenter.,3.要點(diǎn)：作為校方應(yīng)該采取哪些措施避免此類悲劇(校園安全問題)的發(fā)生。_4.要點(diǎn)：你是否支持該校長的做法，并陳述理由。_,Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudentsawarenessoftheissue.,答案,Impletelyforwhattheheadmasterdid.Onlywhenstudentsbehavewellcantheycreateagoodenvironmentforstudy，soitsnecessarytosuspendthemisbehavedstudentsandhelpthemtobehavewell.,5.要點(diǎn)：北大不應(yīng)該拒絕游客。_6.要點(diǎn)：越來越多的人又開始騎自行車的原因。_,ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours，whichseemsinappropriate.,答案,Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleridebicycles.Themainreasonisthat.,7.要點(diǎn)：你是否贊成文中對出國游學(xué)的看法？_8.要點(diǎn)：日常生活中為了保護(hù)環(huán)境我們還可以做些什么？_,Icouldntagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.,答案,Ashighschoolstudents，wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.,微技能(七)要素串聯(lián)法對記敘文進(jìn)行概括時，要抓住原文的人物、事件、結(jié)果三大要素。有些記敘文的結(jié)尾有一個點(diǎn)題句，表達(dá)深刻內(nèi)涵或故事帶給人們的啟示，在寫概要時也需把故事寓意表達(dá)出來。1.尋詞摘句，確定要素：記敘文通常包含時間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、經(jīng)過(how)等六大要素。在閱讀時要圈定這些要素。2.整合信息，串聯(lián)要素：列出上述要素和關(guān)鍵詞后，需要對其進(jìn)行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的邏輯順序，在整合時要有所取舍，對于能揭示主題的主要信息，應(yīng)該全部概括；而對于主題之外的內(nèi)容要毫不吝嗇地舍棄。,3.認(rèn)真審題，注意表達(dá)：表達(dá)時要注意以下三點(diǎn)：(1)確定人稱：如果原文是第一人稱，在轉(zhuǎn)述時一般要改為第三人稱。(2)確定時態(tài)：記敘文以一般過去時為主。若記敘文中有作者從中得到的“啟示”或“意義”等，一般用一般現(xiàn)在時表達(dá)。(3)確定詞數(shù)與句數(shù)：概要要求是“以約30個詞概括”，滿分作文概括的詞數(shù)在2638個單詞之間。受詞數(shù)限制，概括部分一般用13句表達(dá)，以用兩句最佳，句子過多，要么內(nèi)容累贅，要么句式過于簡單，均會影響表達(dá)效果。注意：故事性閱讀材料，應(yīng)該用最簡練的語言來說明故事講述了什么，不能拖泥帶水，而且最好講述該故事給你的啟示或其中的一個道理。,題組過關(guān)2閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容，并按要求寫出步驟。Afathercamehomefromworklate，tiredandexhausted.Heworkeddayandnighthopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His5-year-olddaughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad，howmuchdoyouearnanhour？”askedthedaughter.,“Whydoyouaskthat？”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow.Iearn$20anhour.”“Oh，”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingupshesaid，“Dad，mayIborrow$10？”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare！Iworkhardeverydaybutyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy！”,Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroomfeelingsad.Afteranhourorsothefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidntaskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughtersroomandgaveher$10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh，thankyouDad！”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid，“Dad，Ihave$20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleaseehomeearliertomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.”,第一步：圈定本文的要素,agirlandherfather,答案,atthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromwork,athome,Thegirlborrowed$10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.,第二步：確定人稱和時態(tài)1.人稱：；2.時態(tài)：。第三步：串聯(lián)要素，確定表達(dá)_,第三人稱,答案,一般過去時,Inthepassage，alittlegirlaskedherfather，whooftencamehomelatefromhardwork，howmuchheearnedanhour.Thensheborrowedsomemoneyfromherfatherandaskedhimtosellonehourofhistimetoacpanyher.,微技能(八)中心詞挖掘法說明性短文，用概括的文字介紹或說明某種事物的性質(zhì)功用或社會現(xiàn)象。所以我們碰到這樣的文體，可以用中心詞挖掘法。,題組過關(guān)3閱讀下面短文，寫出文章關(guān)鍵詞，然后以約30個詞歸納文章大意。WelebacktoModernParenting.Wevealreadytalkedaboutbeingopenandhonestwithyourkids，butthereisonethingthatallgoodparentsdo，anditssurprisinglysimple：readtoyourkids.Studiesshowthatchildrenarebetterpreparedforschoolandtendtogetbettergradeslateroniftheirparentsmakeahabitofreadingtothemfromayoungage.,OnestudyfromHarvardUniversityfoundthatthenumberofbooksinthehomewasthesinglebiggestfactorrelatedtosuccessinschool，morethantheeducationorineoftheparents!Readingisfun，anditcanbeanimportantpartofrelaxingatbedtime.Bestofall，itgivesparentsanopportunitytomunicatewiththeirchildrenandteachthemabouttheworld.Itsnevertooearlytostartreadingtoyourchildren.Manyparentsbuybooksfortheirkidslongbeforetheycantalk，andsomeevenstartreadingtotheirchildrenbeforetheyareborn!Tripstothelibraryorthebookstorecanbefunactivitiesforyoungfamiliestodotogether.,Soparents，ifyouarewonderingwhattodowithyourkidstonight，remember：allyouneedisagoodbook!ThatsallforModernParenting.ThisisLesley，on105.7FM，sayinggoodnight.1.關(guān)鍵詞：_,答案,readtoyourkids；bebetterfor；ahabitofreading；thebiggestfactor；success；opportunity；municatewith；activities,2.根據(jù)以上關(guān)鍵詞提示，請歸納文章大意：我們可以用這樣的句式：(1)Thepassageintroduces.tous，especiallyits.，fromwhichweknow.(2)Thepassagetellsus.，including.(方法1)，.(方法2)，and.(方法3).(3)Thepassagepointsoutthat._,答案,Theprogramintroducesasimplewaytoparents：readtotheirchildrenasearlyaspossible，whichisvitaltochildrenspersonalgrowth，academicachievementsandmunicationwithparents.,微技能(九)主題概括法1.找出關(guān)鍵詞和主題句任何議論文包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分，所以在寫議論文的摘要時也要扣住這三大要素。議論文是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般來說，主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。,議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點(diǎn)或看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和主題句進(jìn)行概括根據(jù)圈定的關(guān)鍵詞和主題句進(jìn)行改寫，用相應(yīng)的同義詞進(jìn)行替換或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換，千萬不能原封不動地抄寫原文。,3.整合要點(diǎn)，限制詞數(shù)用相應(yīng)的連詞對各要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行連接，使其連貫，整合中心要點(diǎn)，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)(30個詞左右)。,題組過關(guān)4閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy，youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswers，buttherearetwofundamentalthingsthatwillensurehappiness.,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife，thatswhenyouarehappy.Itdoesntnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheyareputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere，bydoingwhatyouaredoing，youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere，itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.,第一步：圈定文章的關(guān)鍵詞和主題句1.關(guān)鍵詞：_2.主題句：_第二步：根據(jù)文章大意可知本文為“觀點(diǎn)對比式議論文”1.人們的觀點(diǎn)：_2.作者的觀點(diǎn)：_,答案,happy，differentanswers；twofundamentalthings,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.,Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthem,Happinessesfromfundamentalsources.,happy.,第三步：整合要點(diǎn)，確定答案_,答案,Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy，thewriterthinksthathappinessesfromfundamentalsources：theimprovementofoneslifeandthesenseofcontribution.,隨堂限時練,【1】閱讀下面短文，寫出記敘文的六大要素，并連成一段30詞左右的段落大意。TheBestGiftDellaandJimbrokeawayfromtheirfamiliestogetmarried.Nowtheylivedinasmallatticofacoldandoldbuilding.Theywerenowdigestingthehardshipoflife.Theonlyjoywastheirsweetloveforeachother.Thehandsomehusbandhadtobeburdenedwithafamilythoughhewasyoung.Thebeautifulwifetookcareoftheshabbyhousewiththefewcoinsshesaved.,Christmaswasing.Theywerethinkingofagoodgiftforeachother.Dellaworeawaterfallofblackhair，butherbwasbroken.Jimhadagoldwatchwithanoldchain，whichwaspassedfromhisoldgrandfather.Thebigdayfinallycame.Onarrivinghome，JimwassurprisedtofindDellaslonghaircutshort.ButDellawasalsosurprisedtofindJimsgoldwatchgone.Shehadsoldherhairtobuyagoldwatchchainforhim!Hehadsoldhisgoldwatchtobuyanexpensivebforher!Thegiftswerenowuseless.Butinfacttheygotthebestgifts.,thetruelovebetweenacouple，DellaandJim.Theybothsacrificedtheirmostvaluablethingstobuytheirpartneragifttofulfilltheirlittledreams,Thepassageisabout_.,答案,DellaandJim,asmallattic,beforeChristmas,buygiftsforeachother,selltheirpreciousthings,lovebetweenthem,【2】閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右來概括段落大意。Aboyfoundaneagleseggandheputitinthenestofahen.Theeaglehatchedandthoughthewasachicken.Hegrewupdoingwhatchickensdidscratchingforfoodandflyingshortdistances.Itwasadulllife.Graduallytheeaglegrewolderandbitter.Onedayheandhischickenfriendssawabeautifulbirdsoaringonthecurrentsofair，highabovethemountains.,“Oh，IwishIcouldflylikethat！”saidtheeagle.Thechickenreplied，“Dontgiveitanotherthought.Thatsthemighty(強(qiáng)大的)eagle，thekingofallbirdsyoucouldneverbelikehim！”Andtheeagledidntgiveitanotherthought.Hewentoncacklingandplainingaboutlife.Hediedthinkinghewasaprairiechicken.,Myfriends，youwerebornaneagletoo.TheCreatorintendedyoutobeaneagle，sodontlistentothechickens!_,Hatchedbyahen，aneaglelivedlikeachicken.Hewantedtoflylikeaneaglebutwasdiscouragedbyhisfellows.Eventuallyhediedbitterlywithoutknowinghehimselfwasaneagle.,答案,【3】閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。Honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfair.Honestyisagoodvirtue.Ifyouarehonestallthetime，youllbetrustedandrespectedbyothers.Aliarisalwayslookeddownuponandregardedasablacksheepbythepeoplearound.Onceyoulie，peoplewillneverbelieveyouevenifyouspeakthetruth.,However，nowadaysitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplebelieveinmoneyatthesacrificeofhonesty.Tothem，amongsuchthingsashealth，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputationandtalent，honestyistheonlythingthatcanbethrownaway.Theydontunderstandorpretendnottounderstandthathonestyisthebiggestfortuneforhumans，andthatitisnecessarytodoeverythingwell.,Inshort，honestyisgold.Honest，yourreputationwillbeegreat；dishonest，yournamewillbespoiled.Therefore，weshouldnevermakesuchanexcuseas“Alittledishonestyisonlyaslightthing.”Weshouldremoveimmediatelytheseedofdishonestyonceitssowedinourminds._,Itisknownthathonestyplaysanimportantroleinourlife，whichcancontributetooursuccessandearnusrespectfromothers.Therefore，honestyisofvitalimportanceandbringspeoplebenefits.,答案,【4】閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。Thereisnodoubtthatacademicstudyisanimportantpartoftheschooldays.However，itisnottheonlythingthatstudentsshouldbelearning.Schoolsshouldalsobeteachingstudentscertainlifeskillssothattheygraduate.Followingthisreasoning，Ibelievethatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.,Physicalexercisewillbenefitstudentsinmanyways.Firstofall，regularexerciseisanimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.However，withtheirbusyschedules，manystudentsmaynothavetheopportunitytoexerciseathomeandtheymaybeeweaker.Ifschoolsallowstudentstodosomephysicalactivityeveryday，theywillbehappierandhealthierstudents.Second，doingsomesportsduringtheschooldaywillgivethestudentsabreakandallowthemtorelaxtheirminds.Theywillbeabletoreturntotheirstudiesrefreshedandwithmoreenergytolearn.,Asfitnessissuchanimportantingredientofsuccess，Ibelievethatschoolsshouldrequirestudentstoengageinsomephysicalactivitieseveryday.Itwillbegoodnotonlyfortheirbodies，butalsofortheirminds.Happierandhealthierstudentswilldobetterattheiracademicstudiesandinlife._,Theauthorarguesthatdailyphysicalexerciseisnecessaryforstudents，becausetheywillbenefitalotinmanyways.Additionally，thewritersuggeststhatschoolshouldencouragestudentstotakesomeexerciseeveryday.,答案,