2019-2020年高考英語 5年高考3年模擬 專題十九 閱讀理解（猜測詞義）（浙江專版）【備考策略】在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。這種題常見的提問方式有：The word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .The underlined word “” most probably means .By saying “”, the author means The expression “” is closest to According to the passage, the phrase “” suggests The underlined part “ ” (in Para. )means .做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當然。猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下三個方面的線索：一 針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1 根據(jù)定義（definition）猜測詞義如果生詞有一個句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例如： Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動物的地盤”。Green building means “reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land”.由定義我們可以推斷這里 Green building 指的是什么。2根據(jù)復(fù)述推測詞義雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴謹、詳細，但是它提供的信息可以為閱讀者猜測詞義提供依據(jù)，至少讀者可以根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測生詞的大致“義域”（意義范圍）。復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語、或從句。同位語復(fù)述：在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號和括號等。同位語前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.e. 等。例如： In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。定語從句復(fù)述：例如： Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。2 根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例如： The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指“議題”。二 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while 引導(dǎo)的并列句。例如： A childs birthday party doesnthave to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。2 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。3 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。例如： I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.Afull of respect Btoo confident and rudeClacking in experienceDtoo shy and quiet根據(jù)since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。4 根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。例如： William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了 a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”，答案是：B。Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。三 通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如： Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如： Its a quiet, fortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an unmercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point后綴 -ise/ize意思是“使成為；使化”，結(jié)合詞根mercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出 unmercialized 的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。3 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如： Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計精巧的”意思。We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists.根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。綜上所述，利用各種已知的信息推測判斷生詞詞義是一項重要的閱讀技能。在閱讀中我們可以根據(jù)實際靈活應(yīng)用上面提到的幾種猜詞技巧，排除生詞的干擾，理解文章的思想，提高閱讀速度，同時，提高我們在高考閱讀理解中的得分率?？键c解析按照考綱要求，高考的閱讀文章允許有3%以內(nèi)的生詞。這就需要考生盡可能利用這些詞所處的語境來猜測詞義。高考閱讀理解中比重最大也是比較基礎(chǔ)的題型就是詞義猜測和細節(jié)理解題，這類題是考生爭取的重點，它要求考生快速而準確地獲取信息，從而拿到最基本的分數(shù)?？忌畛Ｒ姷膯栴}就是見到生單詞就頭腦發(fā)蒙，無法從已知信息中找到有用的線索，從而造成失分。【例1】 I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？Achoose BenjoyCprepare for D. carry on解析：有些學(xué)生連particularly也不認識，直接發(fā)蒙無法正確猜測。本段畫線詞的語境說，作者不太喜歡漫長的列車旅途，于是準備了許多本雜志，由此判斷畫線詞的含義是B。她覺得這樣的長途火車旅行是很枯燥的，她不喜歡。答案：B【例2】 Thats why slight differences in conversational styletiny little things like microseconds of pausecan have a great effect on ones life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problemseven in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.The underlined word “assertiveness” in the last paragraph probably means_。(xx北京卷)Abeing willing to speak ones mindBbeing able to increase ones powerCbeing ready to make ones own judgmentDbeing quick to express ones ideas confidently解析：本詞的前面有個register對于很多考生也是生詞，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生無法猜測詞義。根據(jù)本段對這位女士的描述可以得知她的問題出在哪里，因此D項符合題意。答案：D【解決方案與復(fù)習(xí)指南】考生要利用上下文意所表達的相關(guān)關(guān)系及生詞所處的語法位置，推測出詞類和詞義。閱讀理解中詞義猜測題和細節(jié)理解題出題知識分類總結(jié)如下：1詞義猜測題(1)常用提問方式：According to the passage.probably means _.The author uses the word.to mean_.What does the underlined word.refer to?The word (phrase, clause, .) .refers to (most probable means) ._.What does the word.in Para.stand for?What does the writer mean when he says “.”？Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word.as it is used in the text?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?(2)解題方法猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。解答此類試題，考生可以進行大膽猜測，但卻又不是胡亂地、盲目地猜測，應(yīng)使用一定的方法和技巧。下面介紹幾種有效的猜測詞義的方法，可以在平時的實戰(zhàn)演練中注意訓(xùn)練，以期在考場上把失誤減少到最低限度。策略1：利用上下文語境猜測任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵。策略2：根據(jù)語義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞有時文章的作者為了增強表達效果，會用一些含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的連詞、副詞或短語。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我們可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測詞義。此外，我們還可以通過捕捉相關(guān)的同義詞近義詞、反義詞，利用有關(guān)的例證進行詞義推測。2指代題對于指代題，考生應(yīng)正確理解文段的內(nèi)容，再根據(jù)上下文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂關(guān)系以及上下文之間的語義關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系等來確定所指代的內(nèi)容。同時，注意以下幾個要點：(1)注意指代條件。it, they, one, that，this都有自己的指代條件，如單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)、不可數(shù)、先行詞的遠近(先行詞一般緊靠代詞。也就是說代詞前面有幾個可指代的詞或詞組同時出現(xiàn)，最靠近的詞可能性最大)。它要求對代詞所在句子以及緊鄰幾個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思都有準確的理解。(2)注意文章意思。如果代詞周圍有好幾個名詞或詞組，而且都符合指代條件，這就要分析哪一選項符合文章意思。(3)注意搭配意思。把四個選項試著代入原文，看哪一項符合搭配意思，包括句子的語法意義和邏輯意義。(4)注意綜合考慮。綜合注意指代條件，文章意思和搭配意思?？傊龅讲聹y詞、句義類試題，要依據(jù)上下文進行綜合推斷，一定要注意上下文的聯(lián)系，不宜只根據(jù)某個細節(jié)或者某個句子簡單下結(jié)論。(5)注意平時積累總結(jié)總結(jié)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化，如：decidedecision, describedescription, explainexplanation；形容詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化，如：anxiousanxiety, angryanger, freefreedom, variousvariety等?？偨Y(jié)、歸納高頻同義、近義詞語和表達相同意義的表達方式，如，表示“對滿意”，可以說：be pleased/satisfied/content with., express ones satisfaction with.；養(yǎng)成做某事的習(xí)慣，可以說：be/bee used/accustomed to doing sth.，be in/get into the habit of doing sth., make it a rule to do sth.等。在設(shè)計閱讀理解題干時，往往使用此類表達方式。如：One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest (卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked，“May I get you something？”“A coffee would be nice.” 1What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?AUnfriendly. BUntidy. CGentle. DKind.解析：詞義猜測題。由文章第一段信息句I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man(我注意到空桌旁坐的那位年齡較大且滿臉胡須的人)和He was wearing a wornout hat(他戴著一頂破舊的帽子)可知，這人外表看起來顯得有點不整潔(untidy)。答案：B2When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, its soandsos fault.” or“I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.Aavoid BacceptCimprove Dconsider解析：詞義猜測題。由畫線詞所在的句子的語境可知，成功者的秘訣在于不是把注意力集中在誰該受到責(zé)備而是集中在怎樣改善糟糕的境況。此處的動詞remedy意為：改進，改正，糾正；所以improve“改善，改進”符合題意。答案：C五年高考 A組 xx年全國高考題組1.【xx浙江 A】Easter(復(fù)活節(jié)) is still a great day for worship, randy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures arc having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.Take the Lower Keys March rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species of cottontail is a great swimmer it lives on the islands! but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0. 6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat (棲息地) pletely.The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators（捕食者）. As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies arc being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the firs of these species to go extinct due to climate change. About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (遷徙) to higher ground but they already occupy the mountaintops. They cant go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat beats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations, such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter. 41 The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order to_.A. show the importance of Easter DayB. introduce the issue about bunniesC. remind people of Easter traditions D. discuss the relationship between Easter and bunnies42. The word "culprit" ( Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to_.A. criminalB. judgeC. victimD. producer【考點】日常生活類環(huán)境話題小品文【文章大意】每年復(fù)活節(jié)可愛兔子給大家?guī)砹硕嗌贇g樂，然而隨著全球溫暖趨勢的加劇，這種給我們帶來的愉悅兔子也不可避免地受到了一定的影響。不久的將來，復(fù)活節(jié)上兔子的服飾也會因此而有所變化。42.【答案】A【試題解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句后半句：but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.和第二段的第一句：And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears.可知答案A，罪過，符合文意。2.【xx 山東 C】San Francisco has its cable cars. Seattle has its Space Needle. And, Longview has its squirrel bridge. The bridge, which has attracted international attention, is now a local landmark. The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in 1963 by a local builder, Amos Peters, to give squirrels a way to cross the busy road without getting flattened by passing cars. The original bridge was built over Olympia Way on the west edge of the library grounds. Before the bridge was built, squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the Park Plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels. Many times, Peters and others who worked in and near Park Plaza witnessed squirrels being run over. One day Peters found a dead squirrel with a nut still in its mouth, and that days coffee break discussion turned into squirrel safety. The group of businessmen cooked up the squirrel bridge idea and formed a mittee to ask the blessing of the City Council(市政會).The Council approved, and Councilwoman Bess LaRiviere named the bridge “Nutty Narrows.”After architects designed the bridge, Amos Peters and Bill Hutch started Construction, They built the 60-foot bridge from aluminum and lengths of fire hose(消防水帶). It cost 1,000. It didnt take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started. Squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching them the ropes. The story was picked up by the media, and Nutty Narrows became know in newspapers all over the world. In 1983, after 20 years of use, Peters took down the worn-out bridge. Repairs were made and crosspieces were replaced. The faded sign was repainted and in July 1983, hundreds of animal lovers attended the pletion ceremony of the new bridge. Peters died in 1984, and a ten-foot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project. 69. What does the underlined phrase “teaching them the ropes” probably means in the text?A. passing them a ropeB. Directing them to store food for winterC. Teaching them a lessonD. Showing them how to use the bridge.69.【答案】D【命題】詞義猜測題?？疾閷ξ闹刑囟ㄔ~語的理解和判斷能力。【解析】根據(jù)前面的guiding their young，可以推斷此處應(yīng)該是松鼠教它們的孩子如何使用繩索，而不是給它們遞繩子，也不是給它們一個教訓(xùn)。3.【xx 遼寧B】 Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation（ISS）. ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible . Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can municate with family and friends by email , isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can stil enjoy . Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During ther missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early xx, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some “web surfing （沖浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more mom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in spaec. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in spaec is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earths vast land mass and oceans. 60. What does the word “minic”in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose60.【答案】B【試題解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段第四句“They work five days on and two days off”可知，這和在地球上的工作時間一致，所以這樣做的目的是盡可能地模仿地球上的正常生活，所以選B。4.【xx 天津 C】The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the ing of new technologies like puters and smartphone, writing by hand has bee something of nostalgic (懷舊的)skill. However, while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful-both in school and in life.Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says its important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to plete various writing tasks-both on a puter and by hand. The study, published in xx, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more plete sentences and had a faster word production rate.In a more recent study,