小學(xué)英語語法總結(jié),名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則,1一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es， 如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es， 如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries,4以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es， 如：knife-knives       leafleaves5不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, child-children； foot-feet；tooth-teeth ; goose-geese fish-fish, people-people, sheep-sheep deer-deer Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,寫出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù) I _ him _ this _ her _watch _ child _ photo _day_ foot_ book_ dress _tooth_ sheep _ box_ tea_ strawberry _diary _ rice_thief _ you _peach _man_ woman_ paper_ juice_milk_ sandwich _water_,we,them,these,them,watches,children,photos,days,feet,books,dresses,teeth,sheep,boxes,diaries,strawberries,thieves,you,peaches,men,women,sandwiches,一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功能:1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。 如：The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 如：I get up at six every day.我天天六點(diǎn)起床。3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。 如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成:be動(dòng)詞：主語 + be (am, is, are) +其它。 如：I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。2.行為動(dòng)詞：主語 + 行為動(dòng)詞 + 其它。 如：We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí)，要 在動(dòng)詞后加“-s”或“-es” 如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的變化 1. be 動(dòng)詞的變化：  否定句：主語 + be not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。  一般疑問句：Be + 主語 + 其它?  如：- Are you a student?   - Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 一般疑問句必須用yes/no 回答，答句的 主語必須是代詞。  特殊疑問句：疑問詞 + 一般疑問句? 如：- Where is my bike? - Its there, under the tree.,2.行為動(dòng)詞的變化： 否定句：主語 + dont (doesnt) +動(dòng)詞原形 +其它。 如： I don't like bread. 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，用doesnt構(gòu)成否定句 如： He doesn't often play. 一般疑問句：Do (Does) +主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形 + 其它？ 如：- Do you often play football?   - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問句 如：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑問句：疑問詞 + 一般疑問句？ 如：- How do you go to school? - I go to school on foot.,動(dòng)詞 單數(shù)第三人稱（簡稱：單三）的變化規(guī)則: 1一般情況下，直接加 s 如：cook-cooks, milk-milks   2以s, x, sh, ch, o結(jié)尾，加 es 如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes   3以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加 es 如：study-studies,一、寫出下列動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù) drink _ go _ stay _ make _look _ have_ pass_ carry _二、用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One.3. We _(not watch) TV on Monday.4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.5. _ they _(like) the World Cup?6. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day?7. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays.8. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening.,drinks,goes,stays,makes,looks,has,passes,carries,has,are,dont watch,doesnt go,Do,like,Do,read,teaches,take,三、按照要求改寫句子Daniel watches TV every evening.(改為否定句)_I do my homework every day.(改為一般疑問句，作否定回答)_She likes milk.(改為一般疑問句，作肯定回答)_  _4. We go to school every morning.(改為否定句)_,Daniel doesnt watch TV every evening.,Do you do your homework every day?,No, I dont.,Does she like milk?,Yes, she does.,We dont go to school every morning.,五、改錯(cuò)(劃出錯(cuò)誤的地方，將正確的寫在橫線上)1. Is  your brother speak English?       _2. Does he likes going fishing?          _3. He likes play games after class.      _4. Mr. Wu teachs us English.             _5. She dont do her homework on Sundays. _,Does,_,_,like,playing / to play,_,teaches,_,doesnt,_,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法: 現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句：be +V-ing.3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句：be + not。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句：be 句首。5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句： 疑問詞+be動(dòng)詞+主語+doing+其它？ 疑問詞當(dāng)主語時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)為：   疑問詞+be動(dòng)詞+doing+其它?,動(dòng)詞+ing的變化規(guī)則:1一般情況下，直接 加 ing， 如：cook - cooking2以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去 e 加 ing， 如：make - making, taste - tasting3假如末尾是一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母， 雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加 ing 如：run - running, stop - stopping,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：一、寫出下列動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞：run _ swim _ make_ begin_ go _ like _   write _ shop _ have_ sing  _ dance _ put _ see _ love _ live _ take _ come _  get _ stop _ sit _ smoke_,running,swimming,making,beginning,going,liking,writing,shopping,having,singing,dancing,putting,seeing,loving,living,taking,coming,getting,stopping,sitting,smoking,二、用所給的動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1.The boy _( draw) a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _(sing) in the classroom . 3. My mother _(cook)some nice food now.4. What _ you _ ( do ) now?5. Look . They _ (have) an English lesson .,is drawing,are singing,is cooking,are,doing,are having,三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換：They are doing housework . (分別改成一般疑問句和否定句)_2The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答)_,Are they doing housework?,They arent doing housework.,Are the students cleaning the classroom?,Yes, they are.,No, they arent.,一 般 將 來 時(shí),一、概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及 打算、計(jì)劃或預(yù)備做某事。 句中一般有以下時(shí)間狀語： tomorrow, next day (week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow 等。  二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to do； will be / do.,三、否定句：be going to do be not going to dowill be / do wont be / do例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon. I will go to Beijing next month. I wont go to Beijing next month.四、一般疑問句： be或will提到句首;如果有some，改為any; 如果有 and，改為or；第一二人稱互換。例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an outing this weekend.,五、對(duì)劃線部分提問。 一般情況，一般將來時(shí)的對(duì)劃線部分有三種情況:1、問人。(Who) 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon.2、問干什么。(What do)例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this   afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.3、問什么時(shí)候。(When)例如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is she going  to bed?,六、be going to 與 will ： 一般情況下可以互換： I am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 區(qū)別： A、 be going to 表示近期、眼下就要發(fā)生的事情， will 表示的將來時(shí)間則較遠(yuǎn)一些 He is going to write a letter tonight.  He will write a book one day. B、 be going to 表示根據(jù)主觀判斷將來肯定發(fā)生的事情， will 表示客觀上將來勢(shì)必發(fā)生的事情。 He is seriously ill. He is going to die.  He will be twenty years old.,C、 be going to表示根據(jù)主觀判斷將來肯定發(fā)生的事情， will表示客觀上將來勢(shì)必發(fā)生的事情 She is going to lend us her book.  He will be here in half an hour.  D、 be going to含有“計(jì)劃，準(zhǔn)備”的意思， will則沒有這個(gè)意思 She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. E、在有條件從句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多 用will If any beasts come at you, I'll stay with you and help  you.,will和be going to的選用原則,關(guān)于“打算”：原先作好的打算用 “be going to”“Kate is in hospital.” “凱特在住院?！薄癥es, I know. I am going to see her this afternoon.”“是的，我知道。我下午要去看她?！闭f話時(shí)即時(shí)的打算用“will”“Kate is in hospital.”  “凱特在住院?！薄癘h, really, I didnt know. I will go and see her at once.” “哦，是嗎？我都不知道呢。我得馬上去看她?！?in hospital 住院in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里,立刻，馬上,2. 關(guān)于“預(yù)料”：在有跡象表明的情況下的預(yù)料用“be going to”； Look at the clouds. Its going to rain.  你看天上的云。快下雨了。 My God! We are going to crash. 天哪！我們快撞車了。在沒有跡象表明的情況下進(jìn)行的猜測(cè)用“will 或 be going to” 皆可； I think the weather will be nice. 我想天會(huì)晴朗。 = I think the weather is going to be nice.當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示內(nèi)心活動(dòng)時(shí)，表示猜測(cè)的句子必須用“will”。 I think she will like the cake I made for her. 我想她會(huì)喜歡我為她做的蛋糕。,練習(xí)：填空。1.  我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends. I _ have a picnic with my friends.2. 下個(gè)星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打籃球。 What _ _ _ _ _next Monday? I _ _ _ play basketball.(同義句)3. 你媽媽這個(gè)周末去購物嗎？是，她要去買一些水果。 _ your mother _ _ go shopping this _? Yes, she _. She _ _ _ buy some fruit.4. 你們打算什么時(shí)候見面? What time _ you _ _ meet?,am,going,to,will,are,you,going,to,do,am,going,to,Is,going,to,weekend,is,is,going,to,are,going,to,用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Today is a sunny day. We _ (have) a picnic this afternoon.2. My brother _(go) to Shanghai next week.3.Tom often _(go) to school on foot. But today is rainy. He _(go) to school by bike.4. What do you usually do at weekends? I usually _ (watch) TV and _(catch) insects? 5.Its Friday today. What _she _ (do) this weekend? She _ (watch) TV and _ (catch) insects.,are going to have,is going,goes,will go,watch,catch,is,going to do,is going to watch,catch,一般過去時(shí),1功能： 表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)， 常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。2謂語動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，be的變化： am 和is在一般過去時(shí)中變?yōu)?was。（was not=wasnt） are在一般過去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。（were not=werent）3謂語動(dòng)詞是其他實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞變過去式，否定和 疑問借用助動(dòng)詞did如：I went to school at 8 oclock yesterday. Jim didnt go home yesterday. Did Jim go home yesterday.,動(dòng)詞過去式變化規(guī)則：1一般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ed，如：work-worked , 2結(jié)尾是e加d，如：live-lived 3重讀的“輔·元·輔”結(jié)構(gòu)（末尾只有一個(gè)元音 字母和一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)），雙寫 末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed 如：stop-stopped， begin - beginning /bgn/4以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾的，變y為i， 再加-ed， 如：study-studied,5不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式：  am/is-was, eat-ate are-were, take-took, do-did, run-ran, see-saw, sing-sang, say-said, put-put, give-gave, make-made, get-got, read-read, go-went, write-wrote, come-came, draw-drew, have-had, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat,一、 用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. It _ (be) Bens birthday last Friday.2. We all _ (have) a good time last night.3. He _ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 4. Helen _ (milk) a cow on Friday.5. She likes _ newspapers, but she _a book yesterday. (read)6. _ they _ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _.7. I _ (watch) a cartoon on Monday.,was,had,jumped,milked,reading,read,Did,sweep,didnt,watched,形容詞和副詞,形容詞： 是修飾名詞（人或事物），表示名詞的性質(zhì)、 特征或?qū)傩砸环N詞類。它在句中作定語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。,形容詞和副詞的概念,副詞：是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞及其他副詞的詞。副詞在句中多作狀語。,形容詞和副詞的用法,形容詞作定語一般放在被修飾 的名詞之前。 如: a new book, two big trees 等。,形容詞作表語放在系動(dòng)詞be 、look、 get、 keep、turn、feel、become、seem、 grow、 smell等之后。如:1. I am short. 2. She looks fine. 3. They turn green.,如果形容詞修飾不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing等時(shí)，要放在不定代詞后面。如: something interesting， nothing new,副詞放在所修飾的be動(dòng)詞之后、行為動(dòng)詞之前； 形容詞和副 詞之前。如: 1.She works hard . （修飾動(dòng)詞） 2.I am very busy. （修飾形容詞） 3.He runs too quickly. （修飾副詞） 4.We play happily. （修飾動(dòng)詞）,通常在形容詞后加-ly變成副詞。,slow _ real _usual _ careful_easy _ happy _heavy _ angry _,slowly,usually,easily,heavily,really,carefully,happily,angrily,形容詞和副詞的級(jí),一、形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)： 原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)1.原級(jí)：即形容詞和副詞的原形。 small, good, pretty, big, many hard, happily, slowly, quickly 程度副詞very, too, so, quite等修飾形容 詞和副詞的原級(jí)。 如：very tall、 too hot、 so cold quite interesting、 run quickly, asas ,(與一樣） ；not as（so)as （與不一樣）的中間用原級(jí)。The story is as interesting as that one.The question is not as / so difficult as that one.,2.比較級(jí)：兩個(gè)人或物之間的比較表示“較”或“更一些”標(biāo)志詞：than (比) 構(gòu)成：A.單音節(jié)詞通常是-er結(jié)尾； B.多音節(jié)或部分雙音節(jié)詞通常在之前 加more.,3.最高級(jí)：三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物之間 的比較。表示“最”的意思。標(biāo)志詞：in+大范圍； of all； of +the+具體的數(shù)字單音節(jié)詞通常是-est結(jié)尾；多音節(jié)或部分雙音節(jié) 詞通常在之前加most. 在形容詞的最高級(jí)前必須加the; 副詞之前可以不加。,形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成方式,一、規(guī)則變化,二、不規(guī)則變化：,good / well bad / badly / ill many / much little ,better,best,worse,worst,more,most,less,least,old far ,older / elder,oldest / eldest,farthest / furthest,farther / further,important _ _ easy_ _ wet_ _ happy_ _ careful _ _ thin _ _ good_ _ hot _ _ easily _ _ many_ _ nice _ _ big _ _heavy_ _delicious_ _much_ _,給出下列詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),more important,most important,easier,easiest,wetter,wettest,happiest,happier,more careful,1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用： 兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí)，比較級(jí)后面 一般帶有單詞than。 比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little 來修飾表示 程度。 than后的人稱代詞用主格（口語中可用賓格）。,2形容詞比較級(jí)的規(guī)則變化：一般在詞尾加er ； 以字母e 結(jié)尾，加r ；“輔·元·輔”結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母， 再加er ； 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，先把y變i，再加er 。,3、不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí)： good / well-better, bad / ill - worse little- less, old - older / elder many / much - more,二、副詞的比較級(jí) 1形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別 (有be用形，有形用be； 有動(dòng)用副，有副用動(dòng))在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞 之后副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后 2副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相 同 (不規(guī)則變化：well-better，far-farther,一、寫出下列形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)  short_  strong_   big _   small_ fat_  thin _  heavy_   light _ nice _   good_    beautiful_  low_  high_  slow_   fast _ late _ early _   far_ well_二、根據(jù)句意填入單詞的正確形式：1. My brother is two years _(old) than me.2. Tom is as _(fat) as Jim.3. Is your sister _(young) than you? Yes, she is.4. Who is _(thin), you or Helen? Helen is.,5._Nancy sing _(well) than Helen? Yes, she _. 6.Fangfang is not as _(tall) as the other girls. 7.My eyes are _(big) than _ (she).8.Who gets up _(early), Tim or Tom?9._the girls get up _(early) than the boys? No, they_.,三、翻譯句子：1、誰比Jim年紀(jì)大？是你。 _ is _than Jim？  _ are.2.我喜歡游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。 I like _.All my_  _  _than me. 3.誰的鉛筆更長，他的還是她的？我想是她的。 _pencil is _,_or _？ _is, I think.4.我母親比我父親年紀(jì)小。 My_    _   _than my _. 5.多做運(yùn)動(dòng)，你會(huì)更強(qiáng)壯。 _ more exercise, youll _ _soon.,There be 句型與have, has的區(qū)別,1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某人/物2、在there be 句型中，主語是單數(shù)，be 動(dòng)詞用is ; 主語 是復(fù)數(shù)，be 動(dòng)詞用are ; 如有幾件物品，be 動(dòng)詞根據(jù) 最近be 動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)名詞決定(就近原則)。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動(dòng)詞后加not , 一般疑問 句把be 動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別：there be表示在 某地有某人/物；have(has)表示某人擁有某物。,5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運(yùn)用some 用 于肯定句 ，any用于否定句或疑問句。6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運(yùn)用：and 用于 肯定句,or 用于否定句或疑問句。7、針對(duì)數(shù)量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是： How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語？ How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？8、針對(duì)主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：   Whats + 介詞短語,Fill in the blank with “have, has”or “there is , there are” 1. I _ a good father and a good mother. 2. _a telescope on the desk. 3. He_ a tape-recorder. 4. _a basketball in the playground. 5. She_ some dresses.,人稱代詞和物主代詞,1、人稱代詞主格和賓格的區(qū)別： 主格通常位于句中第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞之前（有時(shí)候位 于than 之后），賓格一般位于動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。2、物主代詞形容詞性與名詞性的區(qū)別： 形容詞性用時(shí)后面一般要帶上名詞，名詞性則單 獨(dú)使用，后面不帶名詞。,人稱代詞和物主代詞,主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性  I me my mine  you you your yours  he him his his  she her her hers  it it its its  we us our ours  they them their theirs,用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. That is not _kite. That kite is very small, but _is very big.  ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to _( she ).        3. _is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are_ ( he ).4. I can find my toy, but wheres _? ( you )5. Show _ your kite, OK? (they),用am，is，are填空。1. That _ my red skirt. 2. Who _ I? 3.The jeans _ on the desk. 4. The black gloves _  for Su Yang. 5. This pair of gloves _ for Yang Ling. 6. The two cups of milk _ for me. 7. Some tea _ in the glass.,