第27課 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)課堂突破一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)概念一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形表示。第三人稱單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。be動(dòng)詞隨主語(yǔ)人稱、數(shù)的不同，有am, is, are三種形式的變化。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有often, usually, sometimes, always, hardly ever, seldom, never, at times, every day, once a week等，有時(shí)可以不使用。用法1. 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：My uncle goes to Hainan Island once a week. 我叔叔一周去一次海南島。Where do you usually go on Sundays? 你周日通常去哪兒？2. 表示現(xiàn)在的性格、特征、能力或存在的狀態(tài)。如：She likes singing and dancing. 她喜歡唱歌跳舞。I am much better now than before. 我現(xiàn)在比以前好多了。3. 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太陽(yáng)東升西落。4. 由when, as soon as, until, after, before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。如：Ill send an e-mail to you as soon as I arrive in London. 我一到倫敦就會(huì)給你發(fā)郵件。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)概念一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成一般過(guò)去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式表示。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式有規(guī)則變形和不規(guī)則變形兩種。動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式為was, were，其中was用于第一人稱單數(shù)和第三人稱單數(shù)，were用于其他人稱。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 1998, this morning, one day, once upon a time, long ago等。用法1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：Suddenly, the clouds cleared and the rain stopped. 突然，烏云消散，雨停了。I was very thin in my childhood. 我孩提時(shí)特別瘦。2. 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：I got up very early when I was in primary school. 我上小學(xué)時(shí)起床非常早。They often helped each other when they were at school. 他們?cè)趯W(xué)校的時(shí)候常?；突ブ?。3. 有些句子中沒(méi)有確定的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但實(shí)際上是指過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)時(shí)，也要用過(guò)去時(shí)。如：I didnt know you live in Paris. 我不知道你住在巴黎。（那時(shí)我不知道你住在巴黎，但現(xiàn)在知道了，這里暗指But now I know you live in Paris.）【活學(xué)活用】 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Ill do it better if I_ （give） five more minutes.2. The teacher told us that light_ （travel） faster than sound.3. She_ （put） on her coat and went out.三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)概念現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+be（am/is/are）+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其他。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)1. 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)及提示性動(dòng)詞有now, at the moment, these days, look, listen等。2. 沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞：（1）表示感覺(jué)的感官動(dòng)詞，如：see, hear, notice等。如：Do you hear the noise of the plane? 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)飛機(jī)的聲音了嗎？（2）表示態(tài)度、感情、心理狀態(tài)等的詞，如：like, love, want, hope, hate, know, think, agree, believe等。如：I love my mother. 我愛(ài)我的媽媽。（3）have/has作“擁有”講時(shí)。如：Do you have a book? 你有一本書(shū)嗎？用法1. 表示現(xiàn)在（說(shuō)話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：He is watching TV now. 現(xiàn)在他正在看電視。Look!They are playing basketball on the playground. 看！他們正在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行）。如：We are working on a farm these days. 這些天我們一直在農(nóng)場(chǎng)干活。3. 表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的詞，如go, come, leave, arrive等常用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)，一般同表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 他明天要去上海。四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)概念過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+was/were+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其他。如：She was writing a story at that time. 那時(shí)她正在寫(xiě)一個(gè)故事。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有at that moment, at that time, at this time yesterday, at 8:00 last night, when, while, just as等。用法1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：What were you doing at nine oclock yesterday evening? 昨天晚上9點(diǎn)鐘你正在做什么？2. 表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的角度看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于瞬間動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave等。如：They were leaving a few days later. 幾天以后他們要離開(kāi)。3. 用在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：While we were talking, the boy came in. 當(dāng)我們正在交談的時(shí)候，這個(gè)男孩進(jìn)來(lái)了。They were watching TV when I entered the room. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)入房間的時(shí)候，他們正在看電視。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)單純事實(shí)，動(dòng)作往往已經(jīng)結(jié)束。如：Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. （信已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完）Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. （信不一定寫(xiě)完）【活學(xué)活用】 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Look!The Greens_（play） games togetherin the park. What a happy family!2. I_ （read） a book when my parents came back home last night.3. Yesterday evening I called you, but nobody answered the phone.Sorry. I_（take） a shower in the bathroom.五、一般將來(lái)時(shí)概念一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成1. 主語(yǔ)+be（am/is/are）+going to+動(dòng)詞原形+其他。如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算做什么？2. 主語(yǔ)+will（shall用于第一人稱）+動(dòng)詞原形+其他。如：Ill go and visit her next Friday. 下個(gè)星期五我要去拜訪她。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week, next week/month等。will與be going to的區(qū)別be going to強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)考慮過(guò)的，即強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃性和安排性；will強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主觀意愿，具有隨意性。如：He is going to be a doctor when he grows up. 當(dāng)他長(zhǎng)大后他打算成為一名醫(yī)生。I will give her a hand whenever she asks me for help. 無(wú)論什么時(shí)候她向我請(qǐng)求幫助，我都會(huì)向她伸出援助之手。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的其他用法1. 有些動(dòng)詞可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive, return, send, sail, meet, fly等。如：I am coming. 我就來(lái)。He is flying to Australia tomorrow. 他明天就要飛往澳大利亞了。2. 在由if（如果）引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句和由when（當(dāng)時(shí)候），until（直到），as soon as（一就）等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如：Lets finish the work before it is dark. 讓我們?cè)谔旌谥鞍鸦罡赏辍ll send you an e-mail as soon as I arrive in New York. 我一到紐約就會(huì)給你發(fā)郵件。六、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)概念過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成用“助動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有the next day, the following week等。用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)多用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：I didnt know if she would come. 我不知道她是否會(huì)來(lái)。He said that he would ring me up. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)給我打電話?！净顚W(xué)活用】 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. She_ （take） a walk every morning unless the weather is terrible. 2. I didnt know if Amy_ （come）.3. It is said that the pop singer_ （appear） in our city next week.4. Why are you in such a hurry, John?There_ （be） an NBA basketball game in ten minutes.七、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)概念現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞（have, has）+過(guò)去分詞。過(guò)去分詞有規(guī)則變形和不規(guī)則變形兩種，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的變形與該動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變形相同。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與already, just, yet, lately, recently, never, ever, once, twice, three times, before等連用。用法1. 表示結(jié)束、結(jié)果。動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而且終止于過(guò)去，但其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響。如：Ive written down some ideas. 我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)下了一些想法。Ive just finished my homework. 我剛剛完成了我的作業(yè)。2. 表示繼續(xù)。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能延續(xù)下去，要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（否定句除外）。常與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用（for+一段時(shí)間, since+時(shí)間開(kāi)始的起點(diǎn)）。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)還有in the last（past）.， for a long time, so far, ever since等。如：I have studied at this school for two years. 我在這所學(xué)校上了兩年學(xué)了。Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened. 自從這家工廠開(kāi)辦以來(lái)，王叔叔就在這兒工作。3. 表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)，即從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事情。如：I have never been to Mount Emei before. 我以前從未去過(guò)峨眉山。注意事項(xiàng)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday, last night, just now, last Sunday, in 1999, two weeks ago, when I arrived等；但可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如today, this week, this month, this term, this year等。如：We have learned 500 English words this term. 我們這學(xué)期學(xué)了500個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是短暫性動(dòng)詞，通常不能與表示一段時(shí)間的for短語(yǔ)及since短語(yǔ)（或從句）等連用。應(yīng)將短暫性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。轉(zhuǎn)換情況如下：borrowkeep, buyhave, diebe dead, come （to）be （in）, go/leavebe away, becomebe, fall asleepbe asleep, beginbe on, go outbe out, joinbe a member of, marrybe married。如：He has been away since last week. 自從上周他就離開(kāi)了。How long have you kept the books? 你借這些書(shū)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？注：在否定句中，短暫性動(dòng)詞可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I havent borrowed a book for a long time. 我好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有借過(guò)一本書(shū)了。3. have/has been to與have/has gone to的區(qū)別：have/has been to表示“去過(guò)某地”，已經(jīng)回來(lái)了或有去過(guò)某地的經(jīng)歷；have/has gone to表示“去某地了”，還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。如：Mary has been to Shanghai twice. 瑪麗去過(guò)上海兩次。（瑪麗已不在上海了）Mary has gone to Shanghai. 瑪麗到上海去了。（瑪麗已不在出發(fā)地了）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的狀態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)是一種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。如：I closed the door five minutes ago. 我五分鐘前關(guān)上了門(mén)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在門(mén)是否關(guān)上無(wú)從知曉）I have closed the door. 我已經(jīng)關(guān)上了門(mén)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)門(mén)現(xiàn)在是關(guān)著的）八、過(guò)去完成時(shí)構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。用法1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。常與by, before, by the end of, by the time （that）等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：She had known my brother for three years before I met her. 在我見(jiàn)到她以前，她認(rèn)識(shí)我哥哥已經(jīng)3年了。By 10：30 she still hadnt arrived. 到10：30時(shí)她還沒(méi)到。I found the letter after he had gone away. 他走了以后我找到了那封信。2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。主句謂語(yǔ)為過(guò)去式（said, asked, told等），從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，此時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前。如：She said she had worked in a foreign company for five years before she became an English teacher. 她說(shuō)在成為一名英語(yǔ)教師之前她已在一家外國(guó)公司工作了5年?！净顚W(xué)活用】 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Uncle Wang is the funniest person I_ ever _（meet）.2. When he asked me about my homework yesterday, I _ already_ （hand） it in.3. China_ （send） up several Shenzhou manned spacecraft into space since 2003.4. She_ （change） a lot in the past few years.當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. （xx湖州）There_ places to play ball games so far like tennis and basketball.2. I cant find Jack. Do you know where he is?He_ （go） to the museum with his son.3. Hi, Linda. I didnt see you at the party last night.Oh, I_ （get） ready for the math exam.4. Jane, where is Mike? I cant find him on the playg-round.Oh, he_ （play） the piano in the music room now.5. Do you know if Cindy will drive to Italy this weekend?Cindy? Never. She_ （hate） driving.6. By the end of last week, she_ （stay） in the west of China for two months helping the homeless children.7. Mr. Wang has left for Guangzhou. He_ （give） a speech there in two days.8. She wants to know if there_ （be） a flower show next week.9. If it_ （rain） tomorrow, we wont go swimming.10. Turn off the radio, dear. Tom is sleeping. There is no need. He_ （wake） up.二、根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和所給漢語(yǔ)提示，在空白處寫(xiě)出單詞的正確形式。每空限填一詞。（xx嵊州中考模擬）More than 95 percent of people in the world have phones today. They help us 1_（容易地） connect with others by making calls or sending messages. It means that we 2_（很少） write letters now. But a TV show, Letters Alive, is3_（提醒） us of this old habit.The 4_（第一） show invited famous actors and actresses to read letters. “The letters were written by people from different times in history. 5_（每一） letter opens another world for us,” according to Guan Zhengwen, the director of the TV show. “It seems that we can experience 6 （生活） and feelings of the writers.”Besides Letters Alive, some other shows have also been well received by Chinese audiences, 7_（包括） Chinese Poetry Conference（中國(guó)詩(shī)詞大會(huì)） and the Readers.Since it was shown on Dec. 5, Letters Alive has been widely 8_（贊揚(yáng)）. “This means that our audiences are paying 9_（注意） to not only entertainment like eye-catching games, but true feelings and10_（文化的） values,” reported China Youth Daily.參考答案課堂突破二、1. am given 2. travels 3. put四、1. are playing 2. was reading 3. was taking六、1. takes 2. would come 3. will appear 4. will be八、1. have, met 2. had, handed 3. has sent 4. has changed當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)一、1. have been 2. has gone 3. was getting 4. is playing 5. hates 6. had stayed 7. will give 8. will be 9. rains 10. has woken二、1. easily 2. seldom 3. reminding 4. first 5. Every/Each 6. lives 7. including 8. praised 9. attention 10. cultural/culture