英語平行結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu)Parallelism_,theyshouldalsotrytolearntofulfilltheirknowledge.Someonemustbecoming,_thedogisbarking.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_shedidntknowallournames.,while,but,yet,for,so,OnedayJohnwaslate,_hismissedthefirstclass.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_hespokemoreeasily.Thechildrencangowithus,_theycanstayathome.Youmusttellthetruth,_youwillbepunished.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,_youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?-Imsorry,_therearentanyseatsnow.,and,butalso,or,or,or,but,PairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence,1.Boththeteacherandthestudent_here.2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent_here.3.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents_here.,are,is,are,ErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions,1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazines.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothaircontainsoxygenandwater.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.,并列結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),由兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)通常只在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前用并列連詞，其他項(xiàng)目之間用逗號(hào)連接。Therearefivetypesofdischargefrommilitaryservice:honorable,general,undesirable,badconduct,anddishonorable.兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目全用連詞連接起來的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，在修辭色彩上給人以悠閑緩慢、延續(xù)持久的感覺。Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.,有時(shí)也可全用逗號(hào)，在修辭色彩上給人以緊張、急促、明快、利落的感覺。除了逗號(hào)，分號(hào)和冒號(hào)也能起并列連詞的作用。分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句，通常表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.用冒號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句，通常表示下文是對(duì)上文的解釋和發(fā)揮。Hijackersandkidnappersoffertwoequallyimpossiblealternatives:arefusaltomeettheirtermsmaymeandeathfortheirvictims;meetingtheirtermsmaymeanmorevictimsinthefuture.,在某些連接性副詞如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分號(hào)，而不用逗號(hào)。Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.,二、對(duì)連接詞連接的成分要求：形式對(duì)稱；功能相同（充當(dāng)同樣的句子成分），時(shí)態(tài)平衡。,并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞，副詞和副詞，分詞和分詞，不定式和不定式，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)，而另一個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來表達(dá)。比如下面句子就違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)則：Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydontexpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.“做飯”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中應(yīng)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作為介詞like“像”的賓語，故應(yīng)用相同的形式，都用動(dòng)名詞，所以應(yīng)將clean改為cleaning。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類型,1.名詞和名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Thepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈和頭痛。2.形容詞和形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類型,3.副詞和副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.這項(xiàng)工作做得漂亮，有水平。4.分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)(現(xiàn)在分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞與過去分詞)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子們邊跑，邊喊叫著、笑著。（伴隨狀語）Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.,5.動(dòng)名詞doing平行結(jié)構(gòu)Henrysworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利的工作是讀讀書，寫寫書評(píng)。6.動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.另一方面，40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為應(yīng)收門票，他們認(rèn)為門票費(fèi)可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購買新花木的費(fèi)用。and連接并列不定式第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to。,7.介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu)1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.謂語動(dòng)詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)謂語形式時(shí)態(tài)要一致Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子的并列（并列句）Iwastired,butIfelthappy.,ErrorAnalysis:ParallelStructure,1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,lives,anditcostsusless.1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,livesandmoney.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warm,andlove.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warmth,andlove.,3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantingcrops.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantcrops.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutatme.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutedatme.,5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandtoworkonmystampcollection.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandworkingonmystampcollection.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andtheyhavearefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andrefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.,7.Allplantsneedlight,tohaveasuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.7.Allplantsneedlight,asuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.,英語比較句型,原級(jí)的句型,“as+原級(jí)形容詞/副詞+as”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示前后兩者的情況一樣1）“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+Beg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.Myhandwritingisasbeautifulasyours.我的書法和你的一樣好。2）“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.,在否定句中，用“notas/so+原級(jí)形容詞as”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示前者不如后者?！癆+系動(dòng)詞+notasso+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.Thesebooksarentasinterestingasthose.Iamnotas/sobusyasIusedtobe.我沒有過去那么忙了。區(qū)別：TomisnotastallasMike.TomisnotsotallasMike.“A+助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語動(dòng)詞+asso+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.Shedidntsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.,thesame()as與相同/同樣YouvemadethesamemistakeasTom.有時(shí)thesame可以單獨(dú)使用：Mymotherismuchyoungerthanyours.Sheisnt!Theyreaboutthesameage.Thosetwodressarethesame.differentfrom與不同（different前面可加very，much，alittle等修飾語）IsFrenchfoodverydifferentfromItalianfood?Wereplanningsomethingdifferentthisyearfromwhatwedidlastyear.,常用詞組,asgoodas幾乎已經(jīng)，實(shí)際上等于，和幾乎一樣Heisasgoodasdead.他跟死了一樣。Thesecondhandgeographybookisasgoodasnew.這本二手地理書幾乎還是新的。2.assoonas一就PleaseletusknowassoonasyouarriveinBeijing.一到北京，請(qǐng)通知我們一聲。Assoonasshegothome,shebegancooking.她一到家就開始做飯。,3.asmuch/manyas多達(dá)，達(dá)到之多，實(shí)際上等于，差不多Someofthestonesevenweighasmuchasfifteentons.有些石塊甚至重達(dá)15噸。Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachesasmanyas250,000.失去家園的人數(shù)多達(dá)25萬。Thatsasmuchastosayhewasathief.那無異于說他曾是個(gè)小偷。4.asfaras就而言，盡AsfarasIknow,hellbeawayforthreemonths.就我所知，他將離開三個(gè)月。Wewillhelpyouasfaraswecan.我們會(huì)盡力幫助你。,5.aslongas只要Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.你去哪兒都可以，只要你在天黑前返回。YouwillbehappyaslongasIamliving.只要我活著，你就會(huì)幸福。6.asoftenas每當(dāng)，每次Asoftenashecame,hewouldstaywithusforatime.每次他來，總要和我們呆上一陣子。TheboyalwayssayshellotomeasoftenasImeethim.每次我遇見那個(gè)小男孩，他總是向我問好。,7.aswellas和，同，既又，不僅而且Myparentsaswellasmyelderbrotherenjoymusic.我父母親和我哥哥都喜歡音樂。Heiscleveraswellashardworking.他不僅努力工作而且聰明。8.asaspossible/onecan盡可能，盡（某人）所能Pleasesweepthefloorascleanaspossible.請(qǐng)把地打掃得盡可能干凈。IllgetbackassoonasIcan.,比較級(jí)+than（比更）,形容詞比較級(jí)的常用句型,Thisbridgeislongerthanthatone.,Ourschoolislargerthantheirs.,比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)（越來越）,Inspring,thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger,Theflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.,The+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)（越就越）,1）Thesooner，thebetter.,2）Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe.,Whichis+比較級(jí)，AorB?（A和B，哪一個(gè)比較？）,Whichislonger,thisoneorthat?,the+最高級(jí)+（名詞）+in/of/among在（范圍內(nèi)）最,形容詞最高級(jí)的常用句型,1）Tomisthetallestinhisclass.,2）Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.,oneofthe+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“是中最之一”。,BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.,Whichis+the+最高級(jí)+?在（范圍內(nèi)）哪一個(gè)最？,Whichisthebiggestofthefiveballs,運(yùn)用比較級(jí)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的概念,“比較級(jí)+thananyother+名詞單數(shù)”，“比較級(jí)+thantheother+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”或“比較級(jí)+thantherestof+the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”都可表示最高級(jí)意義。Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.以上三句表達(dá)的意思等同于最高級(jí)的含義：Juliaisthetallestofthegirlsinherclass.朱麗葉是她們班上最高的女生。,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的修飾語,比較級(jí)的修飾語Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，abit（有點(diǎn)），alittle（有點(diǎn)），alot（很），agreatdeal(大大地),twice(兩倍),fivetimes(五倍),two-fifths(五分之二),ahalf(一半)等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度，但決不可用very修飾。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn)；Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday.今天甚至比昨天更冷,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,有時(shí)，不同的比較結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示相同的意思，因此，它們可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。1.notas/soas與lessthan的轉(zhuǎn)換Theplacewasnotas/socrowdedasitusuallyisyesterday.Theplacewaslesscrowdedthanitusuallyisyesterday.昨天，這個(gè)地方不像平常那樣擠滿了人。2.morethan與lessthan,notas/soas的轉(zhuǎn)換Yourpictureismorebeautifulthanhis.Hispictureislessbeautifulthanyours.Hispictureisntas/sobeautifulasyours.你的畫比他的好看。3.最高級(jí)與morethan,nomorethan的轉(zhuǎn)換Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismoredifficultthananyothersubject.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.數(shù)學(xué)是所有學(xué)科中最難的。,Exercises,用括號(hào)中形容詞或副詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1）Thisparkismuchthanthatone.(beautiful)2）Imaboyinthesun.(happy)3）Whichbookis,yoursormine?(thick)4）Mymotherdrivesasasmyfather.(good)5）WhoisthanI,heorshe?(old)6)Hebecomesand(越來越胖)7)Theheis,thehefeels他越忙就越高興。8)Thisgardenisasasthatone(三倍大),morebeautiful,happy,thicker,well,oldest,fatterfatter,busierhappier,threetimesbig,用所給的詞組翻譯句子1.一旦關(guān)系有所改善，他們就可以獲準(zhǔn)離開。(assoonas)Assoonasrelationsimprovetheywillbeallowedtogo.2.據(jù)我所知，它僅僅維持了兩三年。(asfaras)Itonlylastedacoupleofyears,asfarasIknow.3.只要你離他們遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)安全.(aslongas)Aslongasyoucankeepawayfromthem,youresafe.4.選花不僅要觀其形還要聞其香。(aswellas)Flowersarechosenfortheirscentaswellastheirlook.,不改變意思，改寫下列句型1)LinTaoisthetallestboyinhisclass.LinTaoisanyotherinhisclass.2）Scienceisnotsointerestingasmusic.Scienceisthanmusic.Musicisthanscience.3)Thisboxis12kg.Thatboxis14kg.Thetwoboxesare_weight.4）Maryis6yearsold.Lilyis12yearsold.Lilysageis_Marys.(asas)Maryis_thanLily.,tallerthanboy,lessinteresting,moreinteresting,thesame,thesame,twiceasoldas,younger,選擇填空（）1.Thisbookisthatone.A.notsointerestingB.moreinterestingthanC.asmoreinterestingasD.interestingthan（）2.IthinkmathsisnotEnglish.A.easierB.lesseasyC.easyD.soeasyas（）3.Heisoneofinourcountry.A.themostpopularsingerB.themostpopularsingersC.themorepopularsingersD.mostpopularsingers（）4.Whichdoyouprefer,vegetablesorfruit?Ipreferfruitvegetables.A.toB.thanC.ofD.and（）5.TheweatherinBeijingisasinShanghaitoday.A.wetterthantheweatherB.wetastheweatherC.wetthanthatD.wetasthat,B,D,B,A,D,6.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans_.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.B.Johnrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.C.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.D.Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass.7.NewYorkis_intheUnitedStates.A.largerthananycityB.largerthananyothercityC.biggerthananycitiesD.biggestofallthecities8.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose_expensiveone.A.lessB.theleastC.thelessD.themost9.Howwastheweatheryesterday?-Itwasterrible.Itrained_.Peoplecould_goout.A.hardly;hardlyB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardD.hard;hardly10.Thischairisnot_forhimto_.A.strongenough;sitB.enoughstrong;sitC.enoughstrong;sitinD.strongenough;siton,A,B,C,D,D,Translatethefollowingsentences.,你工作越努力,你就會(huì)得到越好結(jié)果。你英語聽得越多,英語就會(huì)越容易。你越爬得高,就看得越遠(yuǎn)。你越吃得多,就會(huì)越胖。,Theharderyouwork,thebetterresultyouwillget.,ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish,theeasieritbecomes.,Thehigheryouclimb,thefartheryouwillsee.,Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.,