中國(guó)對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國(guó)家外文翻譯 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目: Chinese Foreign Investments and Economic Relations with the Baltic Sea Region Countries 出 處: Electronic Publications of Pan-European Institute作 者: Laura Barauskaite Chinese Foreign Investments and Economic Relationswith the Baltic Sea Region Countries一、Introduction Nowadays China is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and especially for this reason it demands more studies and various researches than ever before. In addition, investments to and from the country are growing as well, for instance at these days China is known as one of the leading foreign direct investment FDI recipients in the world and as country with growing interest for other countries markets. This is also due to China's economic, trade and investment climate, which have changed dramatically after 1978 when its reform and opening-up began and also after 2001 when the country joined the World Trade Organization. In addition, while talking about Chinese interest in other countries it could be said that the aim of this research is to explore the main Chinese investments and economic relations with the Baltic Sea Region BSR. Before going in detail in describing Chinese and the Baltic Sea Region investments and economic relations, it is worth to discuss shortly the definition of FDI, its calculations and influence for a countrys economy. This literature review could be found in the second part of report. As it was mentioned before, during the recent years China has been one of the fastest growing countries in the world and if one compares the growth in the world economy versus China's economy, it's quite remarkable how much China's share has increased. Due to this it is worth to compare Chinas main economic indicators with those of the world and this is done in the third part of report. China plays an important role in the world economy and the countrys outward FDI has recently started to attract more attention and various discussions. For these reasons Chinas outward FDI in the Baltic Sea Region should be analyzed as well. The Baltic Sea Region consists of ten countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden. On the fourth part of this report at first the focus will be placed on main economic indicators of the Baltic Sea Region countries and then on Chinas trade with these countries. This should help to improve knowledge about all the BSR countries as well as about their trade relations with China. Finally, the fifth part of report will consist of description of Chinese FDI and economic relations with each of the BSR countries separately.二、A Literature Review of FDI Definition (一)FDI in the Global Economy Foreign direct investment FDI is the name given to the process where a firm from country provides capital to an existing or newly-created firm in another country. For instance, a foreign firm may decide to set-up production in Finland and by so doing will be engaging in the process known as FDI. Over the last years the level of FDI in the world has risen rapidly During the period from 2000 to 2007 total FDI flow in the world increased around 22%, that means from 1,4 trillion US dollars in 2000 to more than 1,8 trillion US dollars in 2007. In addition, from 2000 to 2003 it was significant decrease in global FDI flow, which dropped more than two times - from 1,4 trillion in 2000 to around 0,6 trillion in 2003. Nevertheless, from 2003 to 2007 it rose and reached, as it was mentioned before, more than 1,8 trillion US dollars. This significant increase shows the importance of FDI in the whole world as well as in developing economies and economies in transition, which also had a huge increase of FDI flows during the period mentioned above. That means that flows of foreign investments should be usually taken into consideration by making financial analyses of the world economy. (二)Calculation and Main Determinants of FDI The OECD recommended procedure for calculating FDI flows is given in Figure 2. It is calculated as the sum of four components: retained earnings, equity capital, intra-company loans and intra-company borrowing. Retained earnings are profits generated and kept by the overseas enterprise. These are classified as FDI, despite there is no cross-border transfer of capital, as the investor has the choice of either taking the retained earnings made by the overseas enterprise to their home country or by the reinvesting them back into the enterprise. Jones and Wren 2006 in their book provide following local determinants of FDI: market size and growth, labor market, macroeconomic policy, inward investment policy, infrastructure, industrialization, pre-existing FDI and information To be more precise, the size of market is argued to have a positive effect on FDI location, this means that a large market attracts firms more that smaller ones. The same is with the growth of market ? the bigger growth of market is declared the more attractive it is for the FDI. Labor market also has significant impact on FDI ? the bigger availability of labor is expected in the market, the bigger rage of choice has investor for its labor force. Moreover, when having analyses of labor market it also necessary take into consideration such factors as the cost of labor and productivity. Talking about macroeconomics determinants it is usually are described such factors as taxes, various tariffs and exchange rate. Taxes and tariffs have negative influence of FDI that means that higher taxes and wider rage of various tariffs decrease the FDI in the market. Aside from general macroeconomic policies and labor market regulation, the government and its agencies can use explicit inducements in order to attract FDI, of either a financial or non-financial nature. Jones and Wren, 2006 Moreover, a key inducement is grants, which seems to play a substantial role in the international competition for FDI Infrastructure includes such indicators as transport and communication networks in area or region, which improves the distribution of goods and services and the ability to recruit labor and to communicate with supplier and purchasers. The level of industrialization is expected to be associated with a high level of FDI, since country or region that is highly industrialized will have a large number of firms, potentially increasing the possibility of beneficial spillovers. Pre-existing FDI is understood as if an area that has attracted imports may be susceptible to FDI, as foreign firms will have gained a foothold in this economy and have information on its customs and potential Finally, the last determinant mentioned above was information, which has positive effect on FDI, this means that more information about area is available the more attractive for foreign investor it is. Jones and Wren, 2006 (三)Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI Various advantages and disadvantage could be found of FDI, thus it is worth to discuss both. One of the main advantages could be kept technology, knowledge and additional funding source, which are placed to the host country. Given this, it is not surprising that FDI is highly valued, and that the economic development agencies spend substantial sums in attracting them. The benefits are not only the direct investment, employment and output of these plants, with resulting income flows, but MNEs are thought to have other benefits that are transferred to indigenous companies, known as spillovers. The spillovers are of two types; either a productivity or a market-access spillover. To be more precise, when MNE enters a local economy it also increases the productivity of domestic firms. A market-access spillover is when domestic firms are able to gain knowledge about markets that the MNE is active in, such as distribution networks or exports markets, and to use this information to their own advantage. Jones and Wren, 2006 On the other hand there are also negative effects of FDI for the host economy. The disadvantages of FDI occur mostly in case of matters related to operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel. One of the most indirect disadvantages of FDI is that the economically backward section of the host country is always inconvenienced when the stream of FDI is negatively affected. Moreover, the various disadvantages of FDI are understood where the host country has some sort ofnational secret ? something that is not meant to be disclosed to the rest of the world. It has been observed that the defense of a country has faced risks as a result of the FDI in the country. At times it has been observed that certain foreign policies are adopted that are not appreciated by the workers of the recipient country. The differences of language and culture that exist between the country of the investor and the host country could also pose problems in case of FDI. Yet another major disadvantage of FDI is that there is a chance that a company may lose out on its ownership to an overseas company. This has often caused many companies to approach FDI with a certain amount of caution. At times it has been observed that there is considerable instability in a particular geographical region. This causes a lot of inconvenience to the investor. Economic Watch, 2009三、Chinese Role in the Global Economy China's increasing prominence in the world economy has caught a lot of attention as well as its global trade. Nevertheless, if you compare the growth in the world trade versus China's trade, it's quite remarkable how much China's share has increased. Thus for these reasons it is worth to pay attention to this country more than before. This part of report will focus on the main Chinas demographic and economic indicators in comparison with the world ones. As it could be seen from Table 1 China plays really very important role in the worlds economy. In 2007 China had around 20% of the world population and stays first in the world according to this number. Labor force percentage is high as well which means that this country has a quarter of the worlds total labor force Further, China's share of the world's GDP rose to 6% at the end of 2007 Table 1, compared with just 1,8% in 1978 when its reform and opening-up began NBS. This fast economic growth over the last 30 years had lifted China's GDP ranking in the world from tenth in 1978 to fourth in 2007 after the United States, Japan and Germany. Further, Chinas GDP was more than 3 trillion US dollars in 2007, what is about 24% of USAs, 75% of Japan's and 99,5% of Germany's GDP China Daily, 2008. According to the Statistical office of China, the past 30 years witnessed a significant change in the country's national strength and its international influence, thanks to the reform and opening-up policy. China's GDP grew at the rate of 9,8% from 1979 to 2007, higher than the rate of 6,1% from 1953 to 1978. The economic growth rate in the past three decades was also much higher than the world average, and slightly higher than Japan's 9,2% and South Korea's 8,5% during their economic takeoff periods. Added to information mentioned above, GDP growth rate in 2007 was 11,4% comparing with the world GDP growth rate which was 3,8%. Nevertheless, in 2008 the global economic crisis began to reduce China's growth rate as well, thus especially for this reason Chinas GDP growth rate in 2008 reached 9%. According to official Chinas news, 9% rate was the lowest since 2001, when an annual rate of 8,3% was recorded, and it was the first time China's GDP growth fell into the single-digit range since 2003. Talking about 2009, it was reported recently that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD will cut its 2009 economic growth projection for China to below 6,5%. The OECD's previous forecast, made in November of 2008, was 8%, but the organization's chief economist, said it was unlikely China will achieve this goal. Moreover, the World Bank revised its projection for Chinas GDP growth to 6,5% from 7,5%. According to the OECD, China is likely to see 6,3% growth in the first quarter, down from 6,8% in the fourth quarter of 2008. Growth may reach 8% in the fourth quarter of 2009. China Economic Review, 2009 The fifth row of Table 1 shows China's export, which share in world's exports reached almost 9% by 2007, making it the world's second largest exporter, trailing only Germany. According to a statement released on NBS, China's foreign trade has been growing at an average annual rate of 17% to 2174 billion US dollars from 21 billion US dollars since 1978 when its reform and opening-up began. With persistent government efforts to boost foreign trade and encourage investment, China's exports rose from almost 10 to 1217 billion US dollars during the period, and imports gained from 11 to 956 billion US dollars. Moreover, China tried to accelerate its participation of the globalization process, especially after it joined the World Trade Organization WTO in 2001. Thus, this move had opened China into one of the most rapid development in history. It is also necessary to say that in 1978 China was a country burdened by trade deficit with scarcely any foreign reserves. Now it has became the largest foreign reserves holder in the world. Xinhua, 2008譯文:中國(guó)對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國(guó)家一、簡(jiǎn)介 現(xiàn)在中國(guó)是世界上發(fā)展最快的國(guó)家,尤其是這個(gè)原因,它需要更多的研究,比以往的研究不同。在此外,投資到以及來(lái)自這個(gè)國(guó)家的投資也在增長(zhǎng),比如最近中國(guó)已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是世界上領(lǐng)先的外資投資(FDI)接收國(guó),以及對(duì)其他國(guó)家市場(chǎng)有著持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的興趣。這也是由于中國(guó)在1987年以后發(fā)生巨大邊或和改革開(kāi)放后的經(jīng)濟(jì),貿(mào)易和投資環(huán)境,以及2001年加入世界貿(mào)易組織。此外,在談到中國(guó)在其他國(guó)家的投資,可以說(shuō),這一研究的目的主要是探討中國(guó)與波羅的海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。 在描述中國(guó)和波羅地海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的細(xì)節(jié)之前,很值得討論一下FDI的定義,它的預(yù)測(cè)和對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。本文獻(xiàn)回顧中可以在報(bào)告的第二部分中找到。 如之前提到的,在最近幾年里中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展最快的國(guó)家之一,如果有人比較一下世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)份額增加了多少將會(huì)是非常顯著的。由于比較中國(guó)和世界的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)是值得的,在報(bào)告的第三部分中有提到。中國(guó)站世界經(jīng)濟(jì)上扮演了一個(gè)重要角色,它的國(guó)家對(duì)外FDI最近開(kāi)始吸引更多的關(guān)注和各種討論?；谶@些原因,應(yīng)該對(duì)中國(guó)在波羅的海地區(qū)的FDI進(jìn)行分析。波羅的海地區(qū)包括十個(gè)國(guó)家:丹麥,愛(ài)沙尼亞,芬蘭,德國(guó),拉脫維亞,立陶宛,挪威,波蘭,俄羅斯和瑞典。在這個(gè)報(bào)告的第四部分中的重點(diǎn)將放在對(duì)波羅的海國(guó)家的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),然后是關(guān)于中國(guó)與這些國(guó)家的貿(mào)易。這應(yīng)有助于增進(jìn)對(duì)所有的波羅的海國(guó)家以及與中國(guó)有關(guān)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系的知識(shí)。最后,第五部分的報(bào)告將包括描述中國(guó)的FDI,并與每個(gè)單獨(dú)的BSR國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。二、FDI定義的文獻(xiàn)回顧 (一)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的FDI 外國(guó)直接投資(FDI)的含義是一個(gè)國(guó)家的企業(yè)提供資金到另外一個(gè)國(guó)家的現(xiàn)存或新建公司的過(guò)程。例如,一個(gè)外國(guó)企業(yè)可能決定到芬蘭建設(shè)生產(chǎn),然后在這樣參與的過(guò)程就被稱之為FDI。在過(guò)去幾年里,世界FDI水平一直在迅速上升。 在2000至20007年間,世界FDI流量增加了大約22%,這意味這2000年1.4萬(wàn)億美元,到2007年超過(guò)1.8萬(wàn)億美元。此外,2000至2003年全球FDI流量明顯減少,從2000年的1.4萬(wàn)億到2003年的0.6萬(wàn)億美元,跌落超過(guò)2倍。然而,2003至2007年則上升到之前提到過(guò)的,超過(guò)1.8萬(wàn)億美元。這顯著增加,表明外國(guó)直接投資在整個(gè)世界的重要性以及在發(fā)展中國(guó)家和轉(zhuǎn)型,其中也有外國(guó)直接投資流量在上述期間巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。這意味著,外國(guó)投資的流動(dòng)應(yīng)經(jīng)?？紤]通過(guò)利用世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的金融分析。這種顯著的增長(zhǎng),表明FDI在整個(gè)世界以及那些在上面提到的時(shí)期內(nèi)同樣有著巨大FDI流量增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型國(guó)家的重要性。這意味著,外國(guó)投資的流動(dòng)決策應(yīng)經(jīng)常考慮通過(guò)對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的金融分析來(lái)進(jìn)行。 (二)FDI的計(jì)算和主要決定因素 經(jīng)合組織的關(guān)于FDI流量計(jì)算的推薦過(guò)程中圖2中可看的。這是通過(guò)四個(gè)組成部分的綜合來(lái)計(jì)算的:留存收益,股權(quán)資本,公司內(nèi)部貸款和公司內(nèi)部借款。留存收益由海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生和留存。這些都被歸類為FDI,盡管沒(méi)有資本的跨境轉(zhuǎn)移,由于投資者可以選擇把海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的留存收益帶回他們的本國(guó)或在投資到企業(yè)。 在他們的著作中提供了以下幾點(diǎn)FDI決定因素:市場(chǎng)規(guī)模和增長(zhǎng),勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,外來(lái)投資政策,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,產(chǎn)業(yè)化,預(yù)先存在的FDI和信息。為了更加精確,市場(chǎng)規(guī)模對(duì)FDI來(lái)講處于積極影響的位置,這意味著大的市場(chǎng)能比小市場(chǎng)吸引更多的企業(yè)。對(duì)于市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展來(lái)說(shuō)也是一樣的-市場(chǎng)更大的增長(zhǎng)就意味著它對(duì)FDI有著更大的吸引力。勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)也對(duì)FDI有著明顯的影響-市場(chǎng)上預(yù)期勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng)越多,投資者的選擇范圍也就越廣。此外,當(dāng)進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)分析的同時(shí),也必須考慮到勞動(dòng)力的生產(chǎn)效率和成本等因素。談到宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)因素時(shí),通常是指稅,各種關(guān)稅和匯率等。稅收和關(guān)稅對(duì)FDI有著負(fù)面影響,這意味著更高的稅收和更大范圍的關(guān)稅會(huì)降低市場(chǎng)的FDI。除了一般的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管,政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)可以使用其他手段來(lái)吸引FDI,或其它金融或非金融性質(zhì)投資。此外,一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的誘因是贊助,這似乎是在國(guó)際FDI競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中扮演一個(gè)替代角色。 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包括地區(qū)或區(qū)域的交通和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等指標(biāo),這提高了商品和服務(wù)的分布和招募勞動(dòng)力的能力,并提供了供應(yīng)商和賣家的溝通平臺(tái)。工業(yè)水平預(yù)期和高水平的FDI有著緊密聯(lián)系,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的高度工業(yè)化會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的企業(yè),這潛在地增加了收益外溢的可能性。預(yù)先存在FDI被理解為,如果一個(gè)地區(qū)已進(jìn)口可能受到吸引的FDI,比如外國(guó)公司將獲得這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的立足點(diǎn),并已經(jīng)擁有當(dāng)?shù)睾ｊP(guān)和潛力的信息。 最好,上述提到?jīng)Q定性因素是對(duì)FDI有著積極作用的信息,這意味著有關(guān)地區(qū)提供的信息越多,對(duì)外國(guó)投資者的吸引力越大。 (三)FDI的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) FDI有著各種優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),因此它是值得討論的。其中的一個(gè)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,最新的技術(shù),知識(shí)和額外資金來(lái)源,這些都是放在被投資國(guó)家的。鑒于此,FDI的高度重視就并不奇怪了,而且經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)在吸引它們上花了大量的資金。其收益不僅僅是直接投資,就業(yè)和本地物資的輸出,還有因此獲得的收入流,但跨國(guó)企業(yè)被認(rèn)為是有其它收益,通常會(huì)把收益以“外溢”的形式轉(zhuǎn)移到本土公司。外溢有兩種類型,不是產(chǎn)量就是市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入外溢。更加精確地來(lái)說(shuō),當(dāng)跨國(guó)公司進(jìn)入當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)時(shí),同時(shí)也增加了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的產(chǎn)值。市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入外溢是當(dāng)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)能夠得到相關(guān)國(guó)外企業(yè)參與的市場(chǎng)知識(shí)時(shí),比如分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)或出口市場(chǎng),并把這些信息用于他們自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)中。 在另外一方面,當(dāng)?shù)貒?guó)家也有對(duì)FDI有負(fù)面作用。FDI的缺點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的操作,投資的利潤(rùn)分配和人員。其中一個(gè)最直接的缺點(diǎn)是,當(dāng)FDI被負(fù)面影響時(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的當(dāng)?shù)貒?guó)家總是帶來(lái)不便。此外,FDI的種種缺點(diǎn)也是可以理解的,當(dāng)?shù)貒?guó)家有某些國(guó)家機(jī)密,這是注定不會(huì)被披露給世界各地的。已經(jīng)被觀察到的是,一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)防已經(jīng)由于在該國(guó)的FDI而面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。經(jīng)常看到的是,某些并不為接收國(guó)工人所贊賞的外交政策被通過(guò)。投資者 和當(dāng)?shù)貒?guó)家的語(yǔ)言和文化差異也同樣能對(duì)FDI制造問(wèn)題。然而,FDI的另外一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是,一個(gè)公司可能會(huì)有失去它的擁有權(quán),而有機(jī)會(huì)被海外公司所擁有。這往往造成很多公司對(duì)引進(jìn)FDI產(chǎn)生一定的疑慮。有時(shí)它被認(rèn)為這一個(gè)特定地理區(qū)域有相當(dāng)大的不穩(wěn)定性。這對(duì)投資這產(chǎn)生了很多不便。 三、中國(guó)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的角色 中國(guó)的日益突出,在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)以及它的全球貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)引起了許多關(guān)注。不過(guò),如果你比較世界貿(mào)易和中國(guó)貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)份額增加是相當(dāng)顯著的。由于這些原因,對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家比以前更加關(guān)注是值得的。報(bào)告的這個(gè)部分將集中在中國(guó)主要的人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)與世界其他國(guó)家的比較。 中國(guó)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中確實(shí)扮演著非常重要的角色。2007年,中國(guó)擁有大約占全世界20%的人口,是世界占比最高的。勞動(dòng)力的比例很高,這意味著這個(gè)國(guó)家擁有全世界四分之一的勞動(dòng)力。此外,到2007年底,中國(guó)在世界GDP總量的份額上升到6%,而1987年改革開(kāi)放時(shí)只有1.8%。在過(guò)去30年的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng),中國(guó)的GPD世界排名已經(jīng)從1978年的第十,上升到2007年的第四,僅次于美國(guó),日本和德國(guó)。此外,中國(guó)2007的GDP超過(guò)3萬(wàn)億美元,大約是美國(guó)的24%,日本的75%,德國(guó)的99.5%。據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)局稱,過(guò)去的30年無(wú)論是國(guó)力還是世界影響力都有重大變化,這要感謝改革開(kāi)放政策。中國(guó)1979年至2007年的GDP增長(zhǎng)率是9.8%,比1953年到1978的6.1%要高。在過(guò)去30年里,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率同樣比世界平均水平要高很多,并比日本和韓國(guó)在他們經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛時(shí)期的增長(zhǎng)率分別是9.2%和8.5%還要稍高。還有一個(gè)要比上述增加的消息是,相比較世界GDP增長(zhǎng)率的3.8%,2007年GDP增長(zhǎng)率是11.4%。然而,在2008年經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)也開(kāi)始降低中國(guó)的增長(zhǎng)率,正是由于這個(gè)原因,中國(guó)2008年的GDP增長(zhǎng)率降到了9%。根據(jù)中國(guó)官方報(bào)道,增長(zhǎng)率9%是自2001年全年增長(zhǎng)率8.3%以來(lái)的最低的,并且這是自2003年以來(lái),中國(guó)GDP增長(zhǎng)第一跌到個(gè)位。說(shuō)的2009年,最近有報(bào)道,經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織將削減其2009年的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)測(cè)至低于6.5%。經(jīng)合組織在2008年11月提出的預(yù)測(cè)為8%,但該組織的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家表示,中國(guó)將不太可能會(huì)達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)。此外,世界銀行把對(duì)中國(guó)GDP增長(zhǎng)值的預(yù)測(cè),從7.5%降低到了6.5%。根據(jù)經(jīng)合組織的預(yù)測(cè),中國(guó)很可能在第一季度達(dá)到6.3%的增長(zhǎng)率,2008第四季度低于6.8%。表一的第5行顯示了中國(guó)的出口額,在2007年底占世界出口總額的將近9%,這使得中國(guó)成為了世界第二大出口國(guó),僅次于德國(guó)。根據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局公布的一份聲明中顯示,中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易自1978年改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)的210億美元,到21740億美元,平均每年增長(zhǎng)1%。隨著當(dāng)前政府不斷努力提高對(duì)外貿(mào)易和鼓勵(lì)投資,中國(guó)同期的出口從幾乎100億美元增長(zhǎng)到12170億美元,并且進(jìn)口從110億美元增長(zhǎng)到9560億美元。 此外,中國(guó)試圖加速其全球化過(guò)程,特別是2001年加入世界貿(mào)易組織之后.因此,這一舉措已經(jīng)把中國(guó)開(kāi)放成為歷史上發(fā)展最快的國(guó)家之一了。還必須說(shuō)的是,在1978年,中國(guó)背負(fù)著貿(mào)易赤字和幾乎沒(méi)有任何外匯儲(chǔ)備?，F(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的外匯儲(chǔ)備持有國(guó)家了。