專題03 語言知識(shí) 2019年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱（英語）中有關(guān)語言知識(shí)的要求： 要求考生掌握并能運(yùn)用英語語音、詞匯、語法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)以及所學(xué)功能意念和話題，要求詞匯量為 3500 左右。【解讀】 高考試卷對(duì)語言知識(shí)的考查主要體現(xiàn)于完形填空和語法填空。核心語法，構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不糾纏“偏難怪”詞法、句法、章法是語法的靈魂，對(duì)于這三個(gè)要素要形成體系，不要支離破碎地學(xué)習(xí)，盡量掌握核心內(nèi)容，不要把重心放在“偏難怪”且有爭(zhēng)議的語法現(xiàn)象上?？梢灾谱饕粋€(gè)語法知識(shí)本，以梳理核心語法知識(shí)，形成自己的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，進(jìn)而提升借助語法進(jìn)行閱讀和寫作的能力。如牢記常見的不可數(shù)名詞，如advice, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, information, luck, news, luggage/baggage, progress等牢記核心的詞形變化，如warmwarmth, argueargument, strongstrength, justjustice, unjustinjustice, explainexplanation等。題型1 完形填空三年新課標(biāo)卷完形填空試題分析年份試卷類型體裁詞數(shù)話題考點(diǎn)分布2018年新課標(biāo)卷I夾敘夾議文271講述了我在大二學(xué)的免費(fèi)課程下棋及對(duì)我生活的指導(dǎo)意義動(dòng)詞9 名詞7形容詞3 副詞1新課標(biāo)卷II記敘文277講述了作者13年后和兒子見面的情景動(dòng)詞9 名詞3形容詞5 副詞2介詞1新課標(biāo)卷III記敘文271Dennis Williams認(rèn)真對(duì)待陌生人的信息，使陌生人倍受感動(dòng)的故事動(dòng)詞10 名詞6形容詞4 2017年新課標(biāo)卷I記敘文251學(xué)習(xí)美式手語的經(jīng)歷和感受名詞5 動(dòng)詞10形容詞4副詞1新課標(biāo)卷II記敘文266作者自己的學(xué)生Feddy的性格特征及多年后的生活、工作狀況名詞8 動(dòng)詞9形容詞3新課標(biāo)卷III記敘文271一個(gè)加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后，希望免費(fèi)贈(zèng)送自己為女朋友購(gòu)買的環(huán)球航空旅行機(jī)票的故事，體現(xiàn)了年輕人無私的精神名詞：7個(gè)動(dòng)詞：9個(gè)形容詞：4個(gè)2016年新課標(biāo)卷I記敘文 253講述了司機(jī)Larry在路上遇到著火的汽車，積極救人的故事。動(dòng)詞7 名詞 4形容詞3 副詞1 連詞2 介詞短語2代詞1新課標(biāo)卷II夾敘夾議文 262作者通過自身的經(jīng)歷總結(jié)出，電話中的感受有時(shí)與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的感受不一致，因?yàn)橄裎⑿@樣無聲的信號(hào)無法通過電話傳播。動(dòng)詞6 名詞 4形容詞5 副詞3 介詞短語2 新課標(biāo)卷III記敘文 276作者通過刻苦訓(xùn)練，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了成為足球隊(duì)明星球員的目標(biāo)。動(dòng)詞8 名詞4 形容詞5 副詞 1連詞1 代詞1全國(guó)卷對(duì)完形填空的考查，近幾年來一直以記敘文和夾敘夾議文為主，以說明文和議論文為輔，2018年全國(guó)卷II和全國(guó)卷的完形填空就選用了記敘文，全國(guó)卷I采用了夾敘夾議文。從選材到試題的設(shè)置都呈現(xiàn)出“穩(wěn)中有變”的特點(diǎn)：1. 題材相對(duì)穩(wěn)定：文章的選材都是中學(xué)生熟悉的話題，能夠傳遞正能量，弘揚(yáng)社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀，讀后 能給考生帶來心靈的啟迪。且文章大多原汁原味，語言地道，注重思想性和教育性，具有積極的教育意 義，體現(xiàn)出了課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對(duì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀的要求。2. 文章短小精悍：完形填空的文章長(zhǎng)度一般為250詞左右，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，脈絡(luò)清晰，難度適中，全文設(shè)置20 個(gè)空格，要求考生根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容，從層次結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系方面選擇符合文章情節(jié)的選項(xiàng)， 很少涉及純語法知識(shí)試題。3. 穩(wěn)定中有變化：近幾年高考完形填空在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置上，打破了傳統(tǒng)的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)類別一致的命題規(guī)律。如 2015年全國(guó)卷的第44題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，有兩個(gè)以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，另外兩個(gè)副詞為outside和by；2016 年全國(guó)卷的第52題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中設(shè)置了三個(gè)形容詞和一個(gè)副詞，第47題和第54題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均由兩 個(gè)動(dòng)詞及兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成，第59題把兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞及兩個(gè)介詞短語設(shè)置為一組選項(xiàng)。此外，2016年增加了 對(duì)代詞的考查，考生備考時(shí)需要注意。預(yù)計(jì)2019年高考完形填空選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置仍然會(huì)保持這一命題特征，考生在做題時(shí)要靈活變通?？傊?，備考時(shí)考生應(yīng)把握考查方向，加強(qiáng)語篇意識(shí)，從宏觀和微觀兩個(gè)層面解讀文本，理清文章脈絡(luò)。平時(shí)考生還應(yīng)注重對(duì)?？俭w裁、題材的訓(xùn)練。 【樣題1】記敘文（2018新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II）Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id 41 seen him. So imagine my 42 when he emailed me saying he wanted to e to visit me.I was 43 ! I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to 44 . The bay was 45 in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. Getting a little 46 , I realized one kayak（皮劃艇） was in 47 . Somethings not 48 ! I took off my T-shirt and 49 into the water. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was 50 violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors. I helped 51 the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52 to me. Those brown eyes were very 53 . Whats his name? I asked the instructor. Ben, he replied, and immediately I 54 . That stranger was my son!The instructors called for an ambulance. 55 , after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to 56 and later the family met up for dinner. We chatted about everything and then Ben 57 to me. I just want to say thank you, he said. You 58 my life!I still cant believe what a 59 it was. Im just so glad I was there 60 to help my son.41. A. alsoB. oftenC. evenD. last42. A. delightB. reliefC. angerD. worry43. A. scaredB. shockedC. thrilledD. ashamed44. A. talkB. stayC. meetD. settle45. A. bathedB. cleanC. deepD. formed46. A. fasterB. closerC. heavierD. wiser47. A. troubleB. advanceC. questionD. battle48. A. realB. rightC. fairD. fit49. A. staredB. sankC. divedD. fell50. A. arguingB. fightingC. shoutingD. shaking51. A. leadB. persuadeC. carryD. keep52. A. happenedB. occurredC. appliedD. appealed53. A. sharpB. pleasantC. attractiveD. familiar54. A. agreedB. hesitatedC. doubtedD. knew55. A. FortunatelyB. FranklyC. SadlyD. Suddenly56. A. returnB. relaxC. speakD. leave57. A. jokedB. turnedC. listenedD. pointed58. A. createdB. honoredC. savedD. guided59. A. coincidenceB. changeC. pity D. pain60. A. on boardB. in timeC. for sureD. on purpose【文章大意】這是一篇記敘文。講述了作者13年后和兒子見面的情景。在和兒子見面的地點(diǎn)，作者救了一個(gè)年輕人，沒有想到的是，年輕人竟然是自己13年未見的兒子。43.C 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)第一段可知，作者13年沒有見到自己的兒子，突然收到兒子要來拜訪自己的電子郵件，肯定是欣喜若狂。A. scared驚恐的；B. shocked震驚的；C. thrilled欣喜若狂的；D. ashamed慚愧的。故選C項(xiàng)切題。44.C 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)空前可知，我很早就到了拜倫灣，我們應(yīng)該在那里見面。A. talk談話；B. stay停留； C. meet見面；D. settle解決。故選C項(xiàng)切題。45.A 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上下文可知，早晨海灣應(yīng)該是沐浴在陽光里。A. bathed沐浴；B. clean清掃；C. deep深處；D. formed形成。故選A項(xiàng)切題。46.B 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)常識(shí)和下文兒子出現(xiàn)意外情況可知，只有是離的比較近一點(diǎn)，才能意識(shí)到一只皮劃艇出現(xiàn)意外。A. faster迅速的；B. closer靠近，逼近(其他船只等)；C. heavier重的，沉重的；D. wiser有智慧的；聰明的。故選B項(xiàng)切題。47.A 【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)下文兒子出現(xiàn)意外情況可知，一只皮筏艇處于麻煩之中。A. trouble麻煩，困難；B. advance前進(jìn)，進(jìn)展；C. question問題，疑問；D. battle戰(zhàn)斗，戰(zhàn)役。故選A項(xiàng)切題。48.B 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上句皮劃艇處于麻煩之中可知，某件事不正常。A. real真實(shí)的；B. right正確的，正常的；C. fair公平的；D. fit合適的。故選B項(xiàng)切題。50.D 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上文a man lying across the middle和下文He was unconscious可知，應(yīng)該是劇烈的顫抖、搖動(dòng)。A. arguing爭(zhēng)論，辯論；B. fighting打架；C. shouting呼喊；D. shaking搖動(dòng)。故選D項(xiàng)切題。51.C 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。我?guī)椭涯贻p人帶出水面。A. lead領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)，帶領(lǐng)；B. persuade說服，勸服；C. carry搬運(yùn)，裝運(yùn)；D. keep保持；保存，保留；故選C項(xiàng)切題。52.B 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知，當(dāng)我看著他的臉時(shí)，我想到了一些事情。occur跟to短語時(shí)，表示“想到”，而不是“發(fā)生”，happen后接不定式，是"碰巧"的意思。故選B項(xiàng)切題。53.D 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)下文，“Whats his name?”可知，他棕色的眼睛對(duì)我來說是很熟悉的。A. sharp銳利的；鋒利的；B. pleasant愉快的，快樂的，舒適的；C. attractive有吸引力的；引人注目的；D. familiar親密的，熟悉的。故選D項(xiàng)切題。54.D 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)下文“That stranger was my son”可知，我馬上就知道。A. agreed同意，贊成，承認(rèn)，答應(yīng)；B. hesitated猶豫，躊躇；C. doubted懷疑；疑惑；D. knew知道，了解。故選D項(xiàng)切題。55.A 【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)空后句子可知，應(yīng)該是幸運(yùn)地。A. Fortunately幸運(yùn)地，僥幸地；B. Frankly率直地，坦白地，真誠(chéng)地；C. Sadly悲哀地，悲傷地；D. Suddenly突然地，忽然地；故選A項(xiàng)切題。56.D 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)空前was well enough可知，應(yīng)該是被允許出院。A. return返回；報(bào)答；B. relax放松，休息；C. speak說；D. leave離開。故選D項(xiàng)切題。57.B 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)下文“I just want to say thank you”可知，Ben轉(zhuǎn)向我向我說謝謝。A. joked開玩笑；B. turned轉(zhuǎn)向；C. listened聽；D. pointed指出。故選B項(xiàng)切題。58.C 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上文“I helped carry the man out of the water”可知，應(yīng)該是挽救了我的生命。A. created創(chuàng)造；創(chuàng)作；B. honored尊敬；尊重；給與榮譽(yù)；C. saved救，拯救；D. guided指導(dǎo)，指揮；故選C項(xiàng)切題?！緲宇}2】夾敘夾議文（2018新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesnt want to 42 a few dollars? More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent 43 enough about free credits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which 45 I would be learning from one of the games 46 . I could hardly wait to 47 him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 48 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he made it 49 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 50 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and, 52 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 53 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54 .Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he 55 me: “The absolute most important 56 that you learn when you play chess is how to make good 57 . On every single move you have to 58 a situation, process what your opponent (對(duì)手) is doing and 59 the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my 60 as a journalist. 41. A. put forwardB. jumped atC. tried outD. turned down42. A. wasteB. earnC. saveD. pay43. A. excitedB. worriedC. movedD. tired44. A. titleB. petitorC. textbookD. instructor 45. A. urgedB. demandedC. heldD. meant46. A. fastestB. easiestC. bestD. rarest47. A. interviewB. meetC. challengeD. beat48. A. chanceB. qualificationC. honorD. job49. A. realB. perfectC. clearD. possible50. A. attendB. passC. skipD. observe51. A. addB. exposeC. applyD. pare52. A. eventuallyB. naturallyC. directlyD. normally53. A. gameB. presentationC. courseD. experiment54. A. criterionB. classroomC. departmentD. situation55. A. taughtB. wroteC. questionedD. promised56. A. factB. stepC. mannerD. skill57. A. gradesB. decisionsC. impressionsD. ments58. A. analyzeB. describeC. rebuildD. control59. A. announceB. signalC. blockD. evaluate60. A. roleB. desireC. concernD. behavior【文章大意】本文是一篇夾敘夾議的文章。文章講述了我在大二學(xué)的免費(fèi)課程下棋及它對(duì)我生活的指導(dǎo)意義。42.C 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。我在大二時(shí)，學(xué)校教育處提供一種名叫思維象棋的免費(fèi)課程，這個(gè)課程3個(gè) 題型2 語法填空20162018年高考新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷語法填空考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)年份試卷類型體裁詞數(shù)話題考點(diǎn)分布2018年新課標(biāo)卷I 說明文 196跑步的好處，它可以幫助人們延年益壽61.副詞的級(jí) 62. 不定式63.動(dòng)名詞64.時(shí)態(tài)65.比較句型66.定語從句67.名詞數(shù)68. 詞形變化69.詞形變化。70.代詞或名詞新課標(biāo)卷II 說明文 208 中國(guó)為保護(hù)環(huán)境在農(nóng)作物種植上做了一些變化并得到了世界上的知名人士的認(rèn)可61.時(shí)態(tài)62. 冠詞63. 副詞64. 非謂語動(dòng)詞65. 連詞66. 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換67.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換68. 時(shí)態(tài)69. 定語從句70. 省略句新課標(biāo)卷III 記敘文 193在中非偶遇大猩猩，彼此驚恐的經(jīng)歷61.賓語從句62.冠詞63.最高級(jí)64. 動(dòng)詞65. 非謂語66. 名詞67. 動(dòng)詞短語68. 代詞69. 時(shí)態(tài)70. 非謂語2017年新課標(biāo)卷I 說明文 223低脂肪、低鹽的飲食趨勢(shì)及其對(duì)人們健康的影響61. 介詞62. 名詞的數(shù)63. 非謂語動(dòng)詞64. 謂語動(dòng)詞65. 冠詞66. 比較級(jí)67. 主謂一致68. 非謂語動(dòng)詞69. 形容詞70. 定語從句新課標(biāo)卷II 說明文201世界第一個(gè)地鐵的形成和發(fā)展61.名詞的數(shù)62.介詞63.非謂語動(dòng)詞64.冠詞65.被動(dòng)語態(tài)66.副詞67.代詞68. 時(shí)態(tài)69. 名詞70. 形容詞新課標(biāo)卷III 說明文215 Sarah Thomas在學(xué)業(yè)和誘人的職業(yè)面前所做出的選擇。61. 非謂語動(dòng)詞62. 冠詞63.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)64. 定語從句65. 非謂語動(dòng)詞66. 名詞67. 名詞的數(shù)68. 介詞69. 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)70. 副詞2016年新課標(biāo)卷I 記敘文 197作者的成都之旅及其與大熊貓之間的故事61.名詞62.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)63.副詞64.介詞65.定語從句66.非謂語67. 非謂語68.代詞69.復(fù)數(shù)70.冠詞新課標(biāo)卷II 說明文 192緩解工作中的壓力的一些方法61.形容詞的比較級(jí)62.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換63. 主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)64.介詞65.連詞66.名詞復(fù)數(shù)67. 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換68.冠詞69.非謂語動(dòng)詞70.祈使句新課標(biāo)卷III 說明文 196 筷子的材質(zhì)和中國(guó)使用筷子的歷史及文化內(nèi)涵 【考情分析】從統(tǒng)計(jì)表可以看出，語法填空題主要考查考生對(duì)語法、詞匯和語用知識(shí)的掌握情況。根據(jù)具體語境，借助詞法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配進(jìn)行考査，體現(xiàn)了考查實(shí)詞為主，考查虛詞為輔的命題原則。1.有提示詞類試題比重大。表中統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，高考試題中語法填空題有提示詞類試題均占考查總量的70%。2.動(dòng)詞為重中之重。謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞用法為必考點(diǎn)。3.派生詞用法為必考點(diǎn)。以上四套試題中語法填空題均考查了派生詞的用法。4.考查特殊句式及固定搭配的用法。【高考預(yù)測(cè)】縱觀近幾年全國(guó)高考試題，預(yù)測(cè)2018年全國(guó)高考試題還會(huì)：1. 文體以記敘文、說明文為主；2. 上下文語境提示34個(gè)，單詞基本形式提示67個(gè)；3. 側(cè)重對(duì)詞匯變形的考查?！緲宇}】(2018全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II) 閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country _61_（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _68_ (start) a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the banks Juergen Voegele.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文中講述了中國(guó)為保護(hù)環(huán)境在農(nóng)作物種植上做了一些變化并得到了世界上的知名人士的認(rèn)可。61. has grown 【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。since加時(shí)間點(diǎn)，主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句意：2011年以來，中國(guó)種植的玉米比水稻多。故填has grown。63. actually 【解析】考查副詞。句意：對(duì)肉的需求實(shí)際上是這種變化的背后原因。句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，用副詞修飾句子。故填actually。64. to improve【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：為了改善水質(zhì)政府鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民種植玉米而不是大米。沒有連詞可以且謂語動(dòng)詞是encourages，故improve應(yīng)該用非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。65. than【解析】考查連詞。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞less可知，填比較連詞。故填than。66. pollution【解析】考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：這一轉(zhuǎn)變減少了中國(guó)較大的湖泊和水庫的污染，使人們的飲用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名詞作賓語，故填pollution。67. global【解析】考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：中國(guó)約占全球化肥總消費(fèi)量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名詞短語，故應(yīng)該用形容詞修飾。故填global。68.started【解析】考查謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：在2005年政府開始了一項(xiàng)土壤測(cè)試項(xiàng)目。本句是when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，由于時(shí)間是2005年，故用過去時(shí)。故填started。70. feeding【解析】考查省略句。句意：中國(guó)在養(yǎng)活了中國(guó)人民的同時(shí)又保護(hù)了環(huán)境。這一做法為全世界的農(nóng)業(yè)和糧食政策制定人提供了很有用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?？崭裉幈硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，while后面省略掉了China is，省略句的原則：在時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致且含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，那么可以把主語和be動(dòng)詞一塊省略。故填feeding。