考點16動詞不定式高考頻度： 動詞不定式定義動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，由不定式符號to+do構成。沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語，但可做主語、表語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語,具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。動詞不定式仍保留動詞的一些特點。形式時態(tài)主動被動一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing-完成進行式to have been doing-否定式否定詞（not/never）+動詞不定式考向一 不定式的作用1. 作主語：不定式作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。It took us two hours to finish the job.（1）其他系動詞如look，appear等也可用于此句型。（2）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is .to.句型。試比較：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb to do sth結構中，當不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構成系表結構時，用of，否則用 for。2. 作賓語（1）動詞+不定式。He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式賓語）（2）動詞+疑問詞+to，特殊疑問句+不定式相當于名詞，作賓語。I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補足語之后，用it 作形式賓語。I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3. 作賓語補足語（1）動詞+賓語+不定式（to do ）。He warned me to be careful.注意：可以用動詞不定式作賓補的動詞有：ask，tell，order，want，get，would like，like，advise，invite，allow，help，wish，warn，expect，would prefer，encourage。（2）表見解、看法的動詞結構可為：動詞+賓語+ to be 的不定式結構。We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動語態(tài)）（3）There +不定式。We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。有些動詞需用 as 短語作補語，像regard，think，believe，take，consider。We regard Eric as our best teacher. 我們認為艾瑞克是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father. 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。（4）在動詞feel （一感），hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，必須帶to。They saw the boy fall off the tree.（5）help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to，也可以不帶to。I often help him (to) clean the room.I helped him (to) find his things.1. (2018新課標III卷語法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _70_ (stay)and watch.【參考答案】 【答案解析】考查非謂語動詞。此處allow sb to do允許某人做某事，動詞不定式作賓補，應該用to stay。2. (2018天津卷單項填空) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_.A. taking B. takenC. being taken D. take【參考答案】B3.（2017新課標卷I語法填空）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.【參考答案】to process【答案解析】考查不定式。句意：他們被要求加工食物。require表示要求，require sb. to do sth.表示要求某人做某事，被動形式為sb. be required to do sth.(某人被要求做某事)。故填to process。4. 作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系、動狀關系、同位關系或動賓關系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。I have a lot of work to do.（動賓關系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動狀關系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關系）（1）不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動。Do you have anything else to say?（2）如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，則要保留不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。I need a pen to write with. (I will write with the pen ) 我需要一支鋼筆寫字。I have a little baby to look after. (I must look after the little baby ) 我有一個嬰兒要照看。5. 作狀語作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因等，有時還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to，so as to，so. as to，such.as to，enough to，too.to等。（1）作目的狀語，just to，only to（僅僅為了），in order to，so as to，so(such). as to.（如此以便）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。（2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.（3）作原因狀語。We were very excited to hear the news.（4）作條件狀語。To turn to the left, you could find a post office.6. 作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，構成表語。The question is how to put it into practice.（1）不定式在句中作表語時，對應的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。（2）當主語是不定式時，表語不能用V-ing形式，可用不定式。To see is to believe. （眼見為實）(Seeing is believing. )1.（2018新課標I卷語法填空） You dont have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit.【參考答案】to see2.(2017新課標卷II短文改錯)When summer came（es）, they will invite their students pick the vegetables！【參考答案】 pick改為to pick3. (2017浙江卷語法填空)Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal.【參考答案】to cook 【答案解析】考查動詞不定式。一個句子不能出現(xiàn)雙重謂語，所以此處要用不定式作目的狀語。故填to cook?？枷蚨?不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1. 不定式的時態(tài)（1）現(xiàn)在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this. （2）完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.（4）完成進行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2. 不定式的語態(tài)當不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。He was seen to enter the hall. 考向三省to 的動詞不定式一、使役動詞后省略to的情況在let, make, have等使役動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式必須省略to。如：My mother wouldnt let me go to the film. 我媽媽不會讓我去看電影的。I dont like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜歡牛奶，可是母親強迫我喝。注意： 1. 當使役動詞用于被動語態(tài)時，要補上在主動語態(tài)中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被動語態(tài))。2. force, oblige等雖然也表示2. force, oblige使，但它們后用作賓語補足語的不定式必須帶to。如：He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他們一起去。The police obliged him to leave. 警方強迫他離開。二、感官動詞后省略to的情況在感覺動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式必須省略to。如：I watched her get into the car. 我看著她上了車。I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看見這個女人進了一家銀行。We often hear her sing this song. 我們經(jīng)常聽到她唱這首歌。 Did you notice her leave the house? 她離開屋子你注意到了嗎?注意：1. 這里所說的感覺動詞主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等。但是它們用于被動語態(tài)時，其后的不定式必須帶to。但是，用于以上句型的動詞notice 和watch和通常不用于被動語態(tài)。2. 類似地，動詞look at和listen to后用作賓語補足語的不定式也不帶to。3. 若動詞feel后用作賓語補足語的不定式為 to be，則要帶 to(其他情況不帶 to)。4. 若不定式為完成式，通常應帶 to。三、動詞help后省略to的情況在動詞help后用作賓語或賓語補足語的不定式可以不帶to。如：Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以幫忙扛這個重箱子嗎？Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 媽媽幫助我做作業(yè)。注意：1. 當 help 之后接一個較長的名詞詞組作賓語或當其中的不定式所表示的動作主語不直接參加時，不定式通常帶to。如：Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 請幫大廳后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。These tablets will help you to sleep. 這些藥片將對你的睡眠有幫助。2. 在當help用于被動語態(tài)時，不定式前的to不能省略。如：The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一個婦女幫他撿拾散亂一地的錢幣。四、why (not)后省略to的情況在why (not)?之后的不定式不能帶to。如：Why go with him? 為什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher? 為什么不去問問老師？Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事擴展成小說呢?五、介詞except / but后省略to的情況用作介詞except, but賓語的不定式有時帶to，有時不帶to。其大致原則是：若其前出現(xiàn)了動詞 do，其后的不定式通常不帶 to；若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動詞 do，則其后的不定式通常帶 to。如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒有別的選擇。He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。It had no effect except to make him angry. It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生氣外，沒產(chǎn)生任何效果。She can do everything except cook. 除了做飯之外她什么都會。六、主語帶do表語省略to的情況當主語部分有動詞do的某種形式時，用作表語的不定式可以省略to。如：All you do now is (to) plete the form. 你現(xiàn)在要做的只是把這張表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前進是現(xiàn)在唯一的出路。What Ill do is 我要做的就是告訴她真相。七、并列不定式省略to的情況當兩個或多個作用相同的不定式并列時，通常只需在第一個不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那兒等他。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知該怎么想怎么說。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 說服人容易，強迫人難。但是，如果兩者有對比關系，則后面不定式前的to不可省略。如：To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 嘗試而失敗總比不嘗試好。八、省略不定式是否保留to在一定的上下文中，為了避免重復，有時不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符號to。如：I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。 Dont be late. Ill try not to. 不要來晚了。我盡量不來晚。Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。注意：1. 若被省略的不定式為to be短語，則通常應保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原來的那個樣子了。2. 有時省略不定式時，同時也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。They knew her very well. They had seen her _（grow）up from childhood.【參考答案】grow 題組一 基礎過關單項填空1._ in Northern Europe rose steadily in the third quarter of 2016, following a 0.1 percent increase in the previous quarter.A. Tourist spendingB. Tourist spentC. Tourist spendD. Tourist spends2.Its natural for there _ a generation gap between parents and their children.A. beingB. having beenC.to beD.to have been3.Its important for the figures _ regularly.A. to be updatedB.to have been updatedC. to updateD.to have updated4.Its interesting _ the children _there.A. watching; playingB.to watch ; to playC.to watch; playingD. watching ; play5._ exactly what was wrong with him, the doctors gave him a plete examination.A. To discoverB. DiscoveringC. DiscoveredD. Having been discovered6.Many parents dont take their kids interests and ages into consideration, only _ More haste, less speed their curiosity is being killed.A. findingB. having foundC.to findD. find7.My grandma, living separately in the country, is just content to sit fortably in front of TV each evening, happy _ Chinese traditional opera programs.A.to be watchingB. watchingC.to watchD.to be watched8.How pleasant the picture is to _!A. look atB. being looked atC. looking atD.be looked at9.Tom was proud _ captain of our school football team.A.to chooseB.to be chosenC.to have been chosenD.to have chosen10.A lot of employees at the pany said Eric was impossible_, and indeed he was tough.A. dealing withB. dealt withC.to deal withD.to be dealt with題組二 能力提升閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。In much of Asia, especially the so-called rice bowl cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal 3 (create) special designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 (use) twigs(樹枝)to remove it. Over time, 5 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 8 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 (be) too violent for use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 their hands. 題組三 體驗真題1.（2016北京卷單項填空）_ it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.A. Made B. Make C. Making D. To make2.（2016全國新課標卷III語法填空）Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.3. (2014天津卷)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _ it didnt fitA. to find B. found C. finding D. having found4.(2014山東卷) Its standard practice for a pany like this one_ a security officer. A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs5.（2014四川卷） I hope to take the puter course. Good idea. _ more about it, visit this website.A. To find out B. Finding out C. To be finding out D. Having found out題組一 基礎過關單項填空1.A 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意在2016年的第三季度北歐的旅游支出穩(wěn)步上升，比上一季度增長0.1%。 和句子結構可知， _in Northern Europe是句子的主語，所以動詞spend該用ing形式（即動名詞），而Tourist是動名詞的邏輯主語，所以A項（Tourist spending游客花銷/旅游支出）的結構正確且符合語境之意。故選A。2.C 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。it是形式主語，to do（動詞不定式）作真正的主語。構成It is +adj. to do 結構。3.A 【解析】考查不定式短語作主語的用法。句意:數(shù)據(jù)定期更新很重要。題干屬于It+be+adj.+for sb./sth.+不定式結構，該結構中,It為形式主語，不定式為真正的主語。update與the figures為動賓關系，所以不定式用被動形式，而且此處陳述的是一般情況，不涉及謂語動作與非謂語動作的先后次序，故用不定式的一般被動式作主語，所以A項切題。4.C 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：看到孩子們在那兒玩非常有趣。由語境可知，孩子們正在那邊玩。該題考查watch sb. doing sth.結構，意為看到某人正在做某事，故第二個空填playing。doing做主語，表示經(jīng)常性的動作。to do做主語，表示某一次的行為。由語境可知，該處并不是經(jīng)常性的動作。故要用to do作主語。C選項切題。7.C 【解析】考查不定式。句意：獨自住在村里的奶奶，每晚只是喜歡舒適地坐在電視機前，快樂地觀看中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇節(jié)目。此處源于詞組be happy to do sh.樂意做某事，該空處為形容詞詞組作狀語，修飾主語的狀態(tài)。故選C。8.A 【解析】該句是感嘆句，解題時應將其還原為陳述句：the pictures is pleasant to 該結構中不定式作狀語修飾作表語的形容詞pleasant，且look at與句子主語是邏輯上的動賓關系，sb/sth is adj to do sth是固定句式，用不定時的主動表被動，選A項。9.C 【解析】考查非謂語。句意：Tom非常自豪被選為我們校足球隊的隊長。根據(jù)句意可知要運用被動語態(tài)，用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示此事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，且有一定影響。故選C。10.C 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：公司里的許多員工說，對付Eric是不可能的。他確實很難對付。hard, difficult, easy, impossible等形容詞作表語時，其后的不定式如果與主語之間是邏輯上的動賓關系，通常用不定式的主動形式，故選to deal with。題組二 能力提升【語篇解讀】本文介紹了筷子的材質(zhì)與中國使用筷子的悠久歷史及文化內(nèi)涵。1.and 【解析】考查并列連詞。分析句子結構及語境可知，Vietnam與空前的China， Japan， Korea之間是并列關系，故填并列連詞and。4.using 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。use與其邏輯主語People之間是主謂關系，故此處用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。5.as/when 【解析】考查狀語從句。隨著人口的增長或當人口增長時，人們開始把食物切成小片。根據(jù)句意和句子結構可知，空處引導狀語從句，表示隨著或當時，故填as或when。6.gradually 【解析】考查副詞。應用副詞修飾動詞，故用 gradually。7.who 【解析】考查定語從句。分析句子結構可知，空處在此引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為Confucius，且關系詞在從句中作主語，故填who。8.development【解析】考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的the及空后的of可知，此處應填名詞development。9.were 【解析】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)句中的believed可知，此處描述的是過去的情況，應用一般過去時；從句主語為knives，謂語動詞應用復數(shù)。故填were。10.with 【解析】考查介詞。此處指大部分人用手吃飯，故填with。題組三 體驗真題1.D 【解析】考查不定式作目的狀語。句意：為了更方便地聯(lián)系到我們，你最好隨身帶著這張卡片。根據(jù)句意可知，這里是目的狀語，表目的用動詞不定式，故選D。2.to create【解析】考查不定式作目的狀語。技術嫻熟的工人會把各種各樣的硬質(zhì)木材和金屬結合起來，以創(chuàng)造出特殊風格的筷子。這里用不定式表目的，故填to create。4.C 【解析】it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式。句意：像這樣的一個公司雇用一名保安是慣例。故答案選C。5.A 【解析】由結構判斷此處是非謂語短語位于句首表示目的，現(xiàn)在分詞不做目的狀語，排除CD選項。To be doing強調(diào)正在進行，不能做目的狀語，故答案選A。句意：-我希望選修計算機課程。-好主意。要想多了解計算機情況的話，去這個網(wǎng)站看看。