第一編如果一篇文章中有較多的語法錯誤，即使詞匯再亮、句式再高，也只能是欲蓋彌彰、難掩其丑，將直接被打入低分“冷宮”。“欲想得高分，先保基本分”。所以，我們先從寫對句子學起。第一講 正確使用5種基本句型基本句型(一)簡約卻不簡單的“主謂”結構(一)主謂結構中謂語常用來表示主語的動作或狀態(tài)。這種句型中的謂語動詞為不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。但不能接賓語，也沒有被動語態(tài)。常見的不及物動詞有：arrive, e, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, ride, occur, agree, write等。它的基本結構是：主語謂語(vi.)(狀語)The_sun was shining.太陽在照耀著。 He usually swims at weekends.他經常在周末游泳。 am writing to give my thanks to you.我寫信向你表示感謝。In the environment, teachers_and_students are living happily and working hard.在這種環(huán)境下，師生們生活快樂，工作努力。應用體驗1翻譯句子(主語不及物動詞)他從早到晚地努力工作。He_works_hard_from_morning_till_night.接下來的幾周，我們的友誼發(fā)展地很快。Our_friendship_developed_fast_over_the_following_weeks.本周五晚自習之后我們將于8：00在學生俱樂部集合。Well_gather_at_the_Students_Club_at_8：00_pm.this_Friday,_after_the_evening_classes.我們同意周末幫老人做一些家務活。We_agree_to_help_the_old_people_do_some_housework_at_weekends.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一個朋友。I_happened_to_meet_a_friend_of_mine_in_the_street_yesterday.(二)謂語動詞也可以是不及物動詞短語，如e up (被提出), run out (用完), get by (勉強生存), e out (出版), break down (拋錨；出故障), drop by (順便拜訪), pass out (暈倒)等。Many_good_approaches_to_vocabulary_learning came up at Global Education Summit.許多好的詞匯學習方法在全球教育峰會上被提了出來。You can get by with existing vocabulary, but try to improve it if you want to get good marks.你現(xiàn)有的詞匯勉強能用，但如果想要取得高分你還是要擴充詞匯量。His_puter broke down when he was doing his homework.他做作業(yè)時，電腦突然壞掉了。注意不及物動詞或短語后不能接賓語，要特別注意英漢表達的差異。他家昨晚發(fā)生了一場火災。His home broke out a fire last night.()A fire broke out in his home last night.()應用體驗2翻譯句子(主語不及物動詞短語)自2010年以來成都發(fā)生了很大變化。Great_changes_have_taken_place_in_Chengdu_since_2010.第二天，我們一早就出發(fā)了。The_next_day,_we_set_off_early_in_the_morning.每當討論英語學習方法時，他的名字總會被提到。His_name_came_up_whenever_the_matter_of_English_learning_methods_was_discussed.愛護環(huán)境很重要，因為地球的自然資源將會枯竭。Caring_for_the_environment_is_very_important_as_the_earths_natural_resources_will_run_out.實際上，在國外旅行時，人們憑借少許的當地用語便能勉強對付過去。Actually,_people_can_get_by_with_a_few_local_expressions_when_traveling_to_a_foreign_country.專題過關訓練翻譯句子(“主語謂語”結構)1(2018全國卷書面表達)這部英文短片將于下午2點在學校大廳開始放映。The_English_short_film_will_start_in_the_school_hall_at_2：00_pm.2(2017全國卷書面表達)我寫信是想告訴你下一節(jié)漢語課的事。I_am_writing_to_tell_you_about_your_next_Chinese_lesson.3(2016四川高考書面表達)并且我也可以在外面玩！And_I_can_play_outside_too!4(2015北京高考書面表達)我們站在他周圍，專心地看著。We_stood_around_him_and_watched_attentively.5他的新小說什么時候出版？When_will_his_new_novel_e_out?基本句型(二)眾人青睞的“主謂賓”結構“主謂賓”句型之所以受到中國英語學習者的青睞，是因為它跟我們的思維方式最接近，因而這個句型也是同學們在寫作中運用最多的。它的基本結構是：主語謂語(vt.)賓語(狀語)(一)該句型中的謂語是及物動詞，如respect, admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或從句等作賓語。All_of_us respect our English teacher very much.我們都非常尊敬我們的英語老師。You cannot ignore your friends for long.你不能長久地忽視你的朋友們。A_true_friend will provide support when we are in trouble.當我們面臨困難時，一個真正的朋友會給我們提供支持。 do appreciate your timely help.我特別感謝你的及時幫助。在寫作中，同學們比較擅長使用主動語態(tài)。如果能靈活使用被動語態(tài)，會給句子添彩不少。例如：To broaden vocabulary, we should read more native materials.To broaden vocabulary, more native materials should be read.I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.I am not sure whether the college graduates can get employed after graduation.應用體驗1翻譯句子(主語及物動詞賓語)我們都擁有相同的機會。We_all_possess_the_same_chance.上周末我們班組織了一次社會實踐活動。Last_weekend_our_class_organized_a_social_practice_activity.只有觀眾才能決定誰是勝利者。Only_viewers_can_decide_who_the_winner_is.我不知道如何處理這些舊雜志。I_dont_know_how_to_deal_with_these_old_magazines.我不能用英語表達自己。I_cant_express_myself_in_English.(二)謂語動詞也可以是及物的動詞短語，如go through (經歷), stand for (代表，象征), get on well with (與相處融洽), look forward to (盼望), e across (碰到)等等。True_friends go through all the hardships of life together.真正的朋友一起渡過生活中的一切難關。Sometimes difficulties stand for a special kind of chance for us to make progress.有時候困難象征著一種能讓我們進步的機遇。We have to get on well with different personalities.我們要和不同性格的人融洽相處。In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.在山谷里我們遇到了一群墨西哥人。 注意1在“動詞介詞”的動詞短語中，賓語只能接在介詞之后；在“動詞副詞”的動詞短語中，作賓語的名詞放于副詞前后皆可；作賓語的代詞只能放在副詞之前。Please wake Li Ling up (wake up Li Ling) at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake her up at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake up her at six thirty in the morning.()2有些“主謂賓結構”的句子雖然短小，但表達的含義更精確，語言更地道。寫作中并不一定句子越長越好。I could not say any word.Words failed me.(單詞雖然少，句子更精悍)應用體驗2翻譯句子(主語及物動詞短語賓語)在朋友們的支持下，Peter度過了生命中的艱難時光。Peter_went_through_hard_times_in_life_with_the_support_of_his_friends.在學校里，他與同學們相處融洽。He_gets_along_well_with_his_classmates_at_school.他沒有敲門就闖進了我的房間。He_broke_into_my_room_without_knocking_at_the_door.昨天在商場，我遇到了我的好朋友大衛(wèi)。I_came_across_my_best_friend_David_in_the_shopping_mall_yesterday.牛仔(cowboy)代表了一種簡單而且自由的生活方式。Cowboys_stand_for_a_simple_and_free_way_of_life.專題過關訓練翻譯句子(“主謂賓”結構)1(2018全國卷書面表達)我相信你會玩得很開心。I_have_the_confidence_that_you_will_have_a_good_time.2(201811月浙江高考寫作)在2018年11月2號，我乘坐FL753航班抵達倫敦。I_took_FL753_to_London_on_November_2,_2018.3(2017全國卷書面表達)我們學校的乒乓球隊現(xiàn)在正在招收新隊員。The_Table_Tennis_Team_of_our_school_is_looking_for_new_players_right_now.4(2017北京高考書面表達)我們討論了該把什么放進視頻中。We_debated_over_what_to_put_into_the_video.5(2016全國卷書面表達)通過做兼職工作，我能得到一些寶貴的經驗。By_doing_the_parttime_job_I_can_get_some_precious_experience.基本句型(三)獨一無二的“主系表”結構漢語沒有表語這一說法，這樣就顯得英語的“主系表”結構比較有個性了，因此我們說此結構是獨一無二的，主要用以說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等。它的基本結構是：主語系動詞表語1這種句型無被動語態(tài)，也無進行時態(tài)。謂語動詞需用系動詞，表語多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語或非謂語動詞形式等。常見的系動詞有be，還有感官系動詞(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)；變化系動詞(bee, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)；持續(xù)系動詞(remain, keep, hold, stay)；表象系動詞(seem, appear, look)等。This is an EnglishChinese dictionary.這是一本英漢詞典。Everything looks different.一切看起來都不同。Now we feel released and very energetic in class.現(xiàn)在我們在課堂上感到輕松，精力充沛。2同一個單詞的不同詞性作表語時，所表達的意義是不同的，這也是學生寫作時常犯錯誤之一。Learning_English is hard.(形容詞作表語)()Learning_English is a hardship.(抽象名詞具體化)()Learning English is hardship.()3在主系表結構中要注意英漢表達的差異，避免中式英語。如：這件外套很貴。The price of the coat is very expensive.()The_coat is very expensive.()The_price_of_the_coat is very high.()表示價格的詞price只能用“高”或“低”，即high或low來修飾，而不能像漢語一樣用“貴”或“賤”來形容。注意(1)population是不可數名詞，說“人口多或少”要用large或small (比較級larger或smaller), 不能受漢語的影響，用many或few(比較級more或fewer)來修飾。如：上海的人口比北京的人口多。The population of Shanghai is more than that of Beijing.()The_population_of_Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.()(2)convenient不可用人作主語，要用物作主語或用it作形式主語，常用的結構是：sth.be convenient to sb./Its convenient to sb./Its convenient to do sth.如：我方便時來看你。I will see you if I am convenient.()I will see you if it is convenient to me.()應用體驗(一)選詞填空/補全句子(注意使用動詞的正確形式)1We do morning exercises to keep (keep, turn, bee) healthy.2Put the meat in the refrigerator.It goes (go, get, turn, bee) bad easily.3What he said sounded (sound, look, smell, taste) reasonable.4The apple tastes (tastes, is tasted) sweet.5They work day and night to make their dream e_true (實現(xiàn))6Please keep_quiet/silent (保持安靜). The baby has fallen_asleep (睡著)(二)根據首字母和語境，寫出符合句子意思的系動詞1You look tired.You should go to bed.2I know it may sound strange to you, but Ive decided to be a farmer.3With the right colors, a small room may appear much bigger.4Mary hid the truth from her husband and she felt a bit guilty.5Dad will go crazy when he hears that I quit my job.6Please remain seated until all the lights are on.專題過關訓練補全句子(“主系表”結構)1(2018全國卷書面表達)最重要的是，你應該注意餐桌禮儀。Most importantly, its_vital_that_you_should_mind_your_table_manners.2(2018北京高考書面表達)收到你的來信知道你要來北京，我很高興。Im_happy_to_receive_your_letter and know youre ing to Beijing.3(2017全國卷書面表達)唐詩是我們下一節(jié)課將要學習的內容。Tang_Poetry_is_what_we_are_going_to_learn_the_next_class.4(2016全國卷書面表達)這確實是讓更多的人觀看它們的一次好機會。This_is_surely_a_good_chance for more people to see them.5(2016北京高考書面表達)收到你的來信真是太棒了！知道你對中國歷史感興趣，我很自豪。Its great to hear from you! I feel_proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.6(2015全國卷書面表達)我們報紙的“外國文化”欄目非常受我們學生的歡迎。The_“Foreign_Cultures”_section_in_our_newspaper_is_very_popular among us students.7那天他感到很郁悶。He felt_depressed/upset_that_day.8這個計劃證明是可行的。The plan turned_out/proved_(to_be)_practical.基本句型(四)一拖二的“主謂賓賓”結構“主謂賓賓”這類句型在寫作中常常用到，具有獨特的魅力。與單個的及物動詞跟一個賓語結構相比，雙賓語結構的獨特之處在于一個動詞與兩個名詞短語相互作用。它的基本結構是：主語謂語(vt.)間接賓語(人)直接賓語(一)間接賓語一般位于直接賓語的前面，如果間接賓語在直接賓語的后面，那么中間需要加上一個介詞?？捎媒樵~to來變換間接賓語的動詞：give, offer, hand, show, throw, pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write等。(如：give sb.sth.give sth.to sb.)However busy he is, he writes me an email every week.However busy he is, he writes an email to me every week.不管他多忙，他每周都會給我寫一封電子郵件。Mr_Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.Mr Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.史密斯先生給了我一些建議并且借了本英文詞典給我。This_petition offered us a chance to learn about Chinese culture.This petition offered a chance to learn about Chinese culture to us.這個比賽給我們提供了一個了解中國文化的機會。 have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.I have to pay 20 pounds to them for this room each month.我每個月要付20英鎊的房租給他們。應用體驗1翻譯句子(“主謂賓賓”結構)他給這位英雄寫了一封求助信。He_wrote_the_hero_a_letter_for_help.你能把那本書借給我嗎？Can_you_lend_me_that_book?她向我們提供了大量的食物和水。She_offers_us_plenty_of_food_and_water.他們定期給我們發(fā)來郵件。They_send_us_regular_email.在我很小的時候，媽媽經常給我講故事。When_I_was_a_child,_my_mother_always_told_me_stories.(二)可用介詞for來變換間接賓語的動詞：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb.sth.make sth.for sb.)He bought me a bicycle.He bought a bicycle for me.他給我買了一輛自行車。Can you get me some stamps?Can you get some stamps for me?你能幫我拿些郵票嗎？Please find me an apartment.Please find an apartment for me.請幫我找一套公寓。The_new_regulation_about_limiting_the_number_of_cars_on_road can spare travelers a lot of time.The new regulation about limiting the number of cars on road can spare a lot of time for travelers.這項關于限制馬路上汽車數量的法規(guī)能夠為旅行者們節(jié)約很多時間。注意ask, answer, take, cost等，這一類動詞無法改變結構形式。May ask you a question？我可以問你一個問題嗎？應用體驗2翻譯句子(“主謂賓賓”結構)你能給我騰點時間嗎？Can_you_spare_me_some_time?她給自己訂購了一條裙子。She_ordered_herself_a_dress.他給他的母親請了一個醫(yī)生。He_fetched_his_mother_a_doctor.我媽媽給我做了頓大餐來慶祝我的勝利。My_mom_cooked_me_a_big_meal_to_celebrate_my_victory.我要為你唱首生日歌。I_will_sing_you_a_birthday_song.專題過關訓練翻譯句子/補全句子(“主謂賓賓”結構)1(2018全國卷書面表達)希望我能提供給你一些有用的建議。Hopefully,_I_can_offer_you_some_helpful_suggestions.2(2017北京高考書面表達)那確實給了我們一種極大的成就感。That_surely_gave_us_a_great_sense_of_achievement.3(2016全國卷書面表達)我記得你來我們學校訪問時，你給我展示了一些關于環(huán)保的照片。I remember you_showed_me_some_photos_on_environmental_protection when you visited our school.4(2016全國卷書面表達)對于周五下午不能和你一起去書店的事情，我應向你道歉。I owe_you_an_apology for the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.5(2016北京高考書面表達)想要了解更多？請告訴我，我可以給你提供一些書籍。Interested in knowing more? I_can_find_you_some_books. Just let me know.6(2016天津高考書面表達)現(xiàn)在，我代表全校同學，祝你們回國旅途愉快。Now,_on_behalf_of_my_schoolmates,_I_wish_you_a_pleasant_trip_back_to_your_country.基本句型(五)缺一不可的“主謂賓補”結構“主謂賓補”句式結構中的謂語雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來說明賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語是用來補充說明賓語的情況的，直接跟在賓語之后。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關系。賓語補足語可以由名詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等充當。寫作時應熟練掌握“名詞作賓語補足語”這種高級表達形式。它的基本結構是：主語謂語(vt.)賓語賓語補足語1常用名詞充當賓語補足語的動詞有：call, name, elect, make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。Her_parents died and left her an orphan.她父母雙亡，使她成了孤兒。We_all call him a living dictionary.我們都叫他“活字典”。2常用形容詞充當賓語補足語的動詞有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint, drive等。He didnt consider himself (to be) important.他并不認為自己重要。You had better keep the door open, because it is hot in the room.你最好把門開著，屋里實在太熱了。3常用現(xiàn)在分詞和省略to的動詞不定式等作賓補的及物動詞有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, leave等。He left me waiting in the rain.他讓我在雨中等。Did you see him go out？你看到他出去了嗎？4常用to do作賓補的及物動詞有：advise, ask, mand, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。Our_maths_teacher always encourages us to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers.我們的數學老師經常鼓勵我們自己解決問題而不是等著老師把答案告訴我們。5常用副詞、介詞短語等作賓補的及物動詞有：leave, put等。You cant leave your friend in trouble.你不能把你朋友置于困境而不顧。6有些動詞后常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，這是英語中常用的句型，即“主語謂語it賓補真正的賓語”。常見的動詞有：think, find, consider, feel, make等。The_student has made it a rule to read English magazines every day.這個學生已經養(yǎng)成了每天讀英文雜志的習慣。注意同學們在寫作時切忌好高騖遠，在沒有把握基本的簡單句的情況下，不要輕易嘗試很復雜的句子。要從自己可以掌控的東西出發(fā)，先學會把自己的思想表達成為得體的簡單句，進而對之進行再加工、轉換，方能創(chuàng)作出漂亮的作文。應用體驗翻譯句子(“主謂賓補”結構)我看到他進入了大廳。I_saw_him_enter_the_hall.這種發(fā)展應該使得人們越來越幸福。The_development_should_make_its_people_happier_and_happier.每天早上我們都能聽到他在大聲朗讀英語。Every_morning_we_hear_him_reading_English_aloud.我寧愿你不要改變計劃。I_would_prefer_you_not_to_change_your_plan.你會發(fā)現(xiàn)英語是通向知識海洋的橋梁。You_will_find_English_a_bridge_to_the_ocean_of_knowledge.我們選他為我們班的班長。We_elected_him_monitor_in_our_class.專題過關訓練翻譯句子(“主謂賓補”結構)1(20186月浙江高考寫作)作為一名高中生，我認為英語是一門非常重要的科目。As_a_high_school_student,_I_consider_English_a_very_important_subject.2(2017全國卷書面表達)我認為與你一起學習唐詩很開心。I_think_it_great_fun_to_learn_the_poems_written_in_the_Tang_Dynasty_with_you.3(2017全國卷書面表達)我想讓你加入我們學校的乒乓球隊。I_would_like_you_to_join_our_schools_table_tennis_team.4(2016北京高考書面表達)事實上，他鼓勵我在大學主修英語。In_fact,_he_inspires_me_to_major_in_English_in_college.5(2016江蘇高考書面表達)另外，網絡使調研和選舉容易又方便，不用顧及時間和空間。In_addition,_the_Internet_makes_surveying_and_voting_easy_and_convenient,_regardless_of_time_and_space.6(2014遼寧高考書面表達)你的投稿將會使這次活動獲得巨大成功。Your_contribution_will_certainly_make_the_event_a_huge_success.7我認為寫英文日記很有用。I_think_it_useful_to_keep_an_English_diary.8它會幫助你理解諺語“熟能生巧”。It_will_help_you_understand_the_proverb_“Practice_makes_perfect”