Unit 3 Inventors and inventions*閱讀理解。Can exercise during childhood protect you against memory loss many decades later? Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain，in rats at least.“This is an animal study，but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very importantnot just for physical development，but for the whole lifelong track of cognitive(認(rèn)知的)development during ageing，”says Martin Wojtowicz of the University of Toronto，Canada. “In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿爾茨海默病)，possibly to the point of preventing it.”Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups，and placed running wheels in the cages of one group for a period of six weeks.Around four months laterwhen the rats had reached middle agethe team taught all the rats to connect an electric shock with being in a specific box.When placed in the box，they froze with fear.Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations：exactly the same box in the same room，the same box with the room arranged differently，and a pletely different box in a different room.The rats without access to a running wheel when they were young now froze the same percentage of times in each of these situations，suggesting they couldnt remember which one was dangerous.But those that had been able to run in their youth froze 40 to 50 percent less in both changed box settings.“The results suggest the amount of physical activity when were young，at least for rats，has influence on the brain and cognitive healthin the form of better memorieswhen were older，” says Arthur Kramer of Northeastern University in Boston，who has found that，in humans，exercise promotes the growth of new brain cells.1The study shows that _.Aphysical activity is important for physical healthBusing the running wheels is of benefit to the rats growthCphysical activity can prevent humans Alzheimers diseaseDthe more exercise a rat has when young，the better memory it will possess when older2How are Paragraph 3 and 4 mainly developed?ABy analyzing causes.BBy giving an example.CBy describing the process.DBy showing differences.3What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AExercise.BDevelopment.CBenefit. DStudy.4What is the authors attitude towards the animal study?ANegative. BObjective.CCritical. DDoubtful.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為說(shuō)明文，介紹了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，從而得出早期鍛煉對(duì)大腦終身有好處的結(jié)論。1D考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第二句“Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain, in rats at least”可知，早期鍛煉似乎對(duì)大腦終身有好處，至少對(duì)老鼠來(lái)說(shuō)是這樣的。故選D項(xiàng)。2C考查寫(xiě)作手法。根據(jù)第三段的“Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups.Around four months later.they froze with fear”和第四段的“Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations”可知，本文第三、四段描述了Wojtowicz的研究小組對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程。C項(xiàng)意為“通過(guò)描述過(guò)程”，故選C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)意為“通過(guò)分析原因”；B項(xiàng)意為“通過(guò)舉例子”；D項(xiàng)意為“通過(guò)展示不同點(diǎn)”。這三項(xiàng)均不符合第三、四段的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。3A考查代詞指代。根據(jù)第二段的“but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very important”及“In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿爾茨海默病)”可知，身體活動(dòng)很重要，對(duì)人類來(lái)說(shuō)，它可能會(huì)推遲阿爾茨海默病的出現(xiàn)。因此“it”在文中指的是“physical activity”， A項(xiàng)與其同義，故選A項(xiàng)。4B考查觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。通讀全文可知，作者介紹了對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程及其結(jié)果，并引用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，由此可知作者對(duì)動(dòng)物研究的態(tài)度是很客觀的。B項(xiàng)意為“客觀的”，故選B項(xiàng)。*語(yǔ)法填空。They survive in some of the coldest environments in the worldbut even penguins appreciate a warm woolly jumper (套頭毛衣) once in a while.The mini knitted garments have helped save hundreds of flightless birds caught _1_oil leaks, providing protection from the elements and stopping them from swallowing _2_(poison) pollution.Knits for Nature, a program run by the Penguin Foundation, _3_ conserves the little penguin population of Phillip Island, 140 km southeast of Melbourne, _4_(create) up to 300 different designs over the yearsand it is all thanks to talented volunteers. “Theres a lot of _5_ (hide) creativity out there，” said Lyn Blom, of Phillip Island Nature Park.“People love to know that theyre helping the penguins _6_ theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong. But they need to be, for they live in _7_pretty tough sort of environment.”A thumbnailsized patch of oil can kill little penguins, the _8_ (small) of the species, measuring just 13 inches (33 cm) and weighing 2.2 lbs (1kg). The oil separates and mats their feathers, breaking natural waterproof and heating functions.Ms Blom estimates _9_she has knitted between 200 and 300 penguin jumpers over the years, including _10_in the colours of every Australian football team in the country.1_2._3._4._5._ 6._7._ 8._ 9._ 10._ 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Ms Blom編織的迷你毛衣成功拯救了數(shù)百只企鵝，能防止它們接觸到石油中的微量元素，甚至誤食有毒的污染物。1in 考查介詞。這里是“be caught in”的固定搭配，意思為“被困于中”。文中是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾flightless birds。2poisonous 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。poisonous作為形容詞修飾其后面的名詞。3which 考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞?？仗幰龑?dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞the Penguin Foundation，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故用which。4has created 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“over the years”可知這里用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)名為Knits for Nature的項(xiàng)目，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。5hidden 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。creativity是名詞，其前要用形容詞修飾，動(dòng)詞hide與creativity之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。此處為過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的形容詞作定語(yǔ)。6because 考查連詞。“theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong”是“People love to know that theyre helping the penguins”的原因，故用because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。7a 考查冠詞。此處表示泛指，且pretty的讀音是以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的，故用a。a pretty tough sort of environment表示的是“一種相當(dāng)惡劣的環(huán)境”。8smallest 考查形容詞的最高級(jí)。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境和空前的the可知這里應(yīng)該用最高級(jí)。9that 考查賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。分析句子成分可知，空處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句作estimates的賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)從句中句意和成分完整，故用that。10those考查代詞。those指代前面所說(shuō)的penguin jumpers。*完形填空。It was a day in late June, gray and depressing, with clouds hanging low. My husband and I were driving to Nova Scotia, Canada, for a much-needed vacation. We traveled tiredly, hoping to 1 rest and dinner before the rain came. Suddenly, on a lonely stretch of highway, the storm 2 . Cascades of water shut us in, making driving impossible. We 3 onto the shoulder of the road and stopped.Then, as though someone had turned off a celestial tap, it 4 . A thin radiance, like a spray of gold, 5 from the clouds. Every blade of grass was crystalline as the sun flashed on 6 drops. The very road shone, and a rainbow arched across the sky. It was as though this beam of color had been built for us 7 . We could hardly speak for awe and joy.A friend of mine has described a 8 experience. She had walked out on a lonely beach at twilight. It was a time of grief for her, and 9 was what she wanted. Offshore, across the darkening sea, she made out the 10 of an anchored fishing boat, and in it the figure of a man. My friend told me that after a while, she felt an intense and glowing sense of oneness with that 11 figure. It was as though sea and sky and night and those two solitary human beings were united in a kind of profound identity. “I was 12 by joy,” she said. 13 almost anything may serve as the motivation of such a feelingstars shine on new snow; a sudden field of daffodils; a moment in marriage when hand reaches out to hand in the 14 that this other person speaks as you speak, feels as you feel. Joy may wait, too, just 15 danger when you have enough to face a situation and live it out. 16 the source, such experiences provide the most memorable moments of life.What if these moments of joy are given to us to 17 that this is the way we are meant to live? What if the clarity of joy is the way we should be seeing all the time? To many people, it seems almost wicked to feel this radiance in a world 18 as ours is. But most generations have known uncertainty and 19 . The more damaged the world, the more we need to remember the luminous beauty at the center of life. Our moments of joy are 20 that at the heart of darkness an unquenchable(不可遏制的)light shines.Joy is the feeling that we have touched the edge of something far beyond ourselves.語(yǔ)篇解讀：作者通過(guò)旅行中的經(jīng)歷感悟到人生的快樂(lè)比人們想象的更容易獲得的道理，并要學(xué)會(huì)珍惜人生的快樂(lè)。1. A. afford B. purchase C. reach D. offer【答案】C 2. A. fellB. attacked C. struck D. covered 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示的是 “下起了暴風(fēng)雨”，C項(xiàng)的“strike”可以表示“大雨襲擊”的意思；A項(xiàng)是“倒下”；B項(xiàng)是“襲擊，攻擊”，為及物動(dòng)詞；D項(xiàng)表示的“覆蓋”之意，故C項(xiàng)適合。3. A. pulled off B. pulled through C. pulled upD. pulled down【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“把車(chē)停到路邊”，A項(xiàng)短語(yǔ)適合；B項(xiàng)表示的是“度過(guò)難關(guān)”；C項(xiàng)表示“拔起，阻止”；D項(xiàng)是“摧毀，掀翻”之意，故選A適合。4. A. startedB. disturbed C. paused D. ended【答案】D 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“雨停了”故D項(xiàng)適合。5. A. broadcast B. unfolded C. spread D. reflected【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“一道金色的光從云中散播(spread)下來(lái)”，故C項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)是“廣播，播報(bào)”；B項(xiàng)是“打開(kāi)”；D項(xiàng)是“反映”6. A. trembling B. shrinking C. bright D. thick【答案】A 7. A. only B. lonely C. alone D. together【答案】C【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“仿佛這種美妙的場(chǎng)景就是專為我們兩人的”，A項(xiàng)是“只是，僅僅”；B項(xiàng)表示“孤單的，孤寂的”；C項(xiàng)表示“獨(dú)自地”，能體現(xiàn)出專為二人的感覺(jué)；D項(xiàng)表示“一起”，故選C適合。8. A. similar B. different C. contrary D. strange 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“我的朋友也有過(guò)類似的經(jīng)歷”，故A項(xiàng)適合。9. A. disfortB. pain C. despair D. loneliness【答案】D【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“當(dāng)時(shí)她所需要的就是那種一個(gè)人的獨(dú)處”，D項(xiàng)符合此處的意思；A項(xiàng)表示“不舒適”；B項(xiàng)是“傷痛”；C項(xiàng)是“絕望”。10. A. image B. scene C. viewD. picture【答案】A【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“在漆黑的海面上她辨別出一艘漁船的景象”，A項(xiàng)適合；B項(xiàng)表示的是“場(chǎng)景，布景”；C項(xiàng)是“在遠(yuǎn)處或高處從個(gè)人角度看到整個(gè)風(fēng)景的一部分”而D項(xiàng)表示的是“圖畫(huà)”；用A項(xiàng)更能體現(xiàn)和突出夜晚海面上的景象，故選A適合。11. A. harmoniousB. peacefulC. silent D. calm【答案】C【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“夜晚海面上的那種寂靜”故C項(xiàng)正確；A項(xiàng)是“和諧的，友好和睦的”；B項(xiàng)是“平靜”而D項(xiàng)是“鎮(zhèn)靜”之意，故選C正確。12. A. overtaken B. overe C. overlooked D. overdone【答案】A【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“我非常開(kāi)心”即“被開(kāi)心接管”之意，A項(xiàng)適合；B項(xiàng)是“克服”之意；C項(xiàng)是“忽視”而D項(xiàng)表示的是“把做的過(guò)分”。13. A. Accidentally B. Purposely C. Apparently D. Fortunately【答案】C【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“很明顯幾乎所有的事物都可以充當(dāng)喜悅之情的動(dòng)力”故C項(xiàng)正確；A項(xiàng)是“偶然地”；B項(xiàng)表示“有目的地”；D項(xiàng)是“幸運(yùn)地”。14. A. imagination B. realization C. innovation D. reputation【答案】B15. A. against B. without C. within D. beyond【答案】D【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“開(kāi)心快樂(lè)超越了危險(xiǎn)”之意，故D項(xiàng)適合。16. A. Whatever B. However C. Whichever D. Whenever【答案】A【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“不管開(kāi)心的來(lái)源是什么”之意，故A項(xiàng)適合。17. A. represent B. reveal C. resemble D. announce 【答案】B【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“開(kāi)心的時(shí)刻是揭示或反映出一種我們要怎樣去生活的方式”之意，A項(xiàng)表示“代表”；B項(xiàng)是“揭示”；C項(xiàng)是“像”；D項(xiàng)是“宣布”；故B項(xiàng)適合。18. A. cursedB. destroyed C. threatened D. buried 【答案】C【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“生活中的開(kāi)心受到影響”，A項(xiàng)是“詛咒”之意；B項(xiàng)是“摧毀”；C項(xiàng)表示“威脅，影響”；D項(xiàng)是“埋，埋葬”之意，故C項(xiàng)正確。19. A. challenge B. schedule C. opportunity D. harmony【答案】A【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“許多人也已經(jīng)明白了生活中的不確定性和挑戰(zhàn)”，選項(xiàng)A“挑戰(zhàn)”之意，符合語(yǔ)境。B項(xiàng)是“計(jì)劃，日程表，時(shí)間表，進(jìn)度表”；C項(xiàng)表示“機(jī)會(huì)，機(jī)遇”；D項(xiàng)是“和諧，協(xié)調(diào)，融洽”之意。20. A. foundation B. version C. proof D. prehension【答案】C*短文改錯(cuò)。School English Drama Club was selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story writing by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, that is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall in May 20th, 2018.Any student at our school who meets with the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and interested performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More important, he or she should have read the short story and is familiar with the whole story.Thank you for your attentions.答案：School English Drama Club selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall May 20th, 2018.Any student at our school who meets the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More ， he or she should have read the short story and familiar with the whole story.Thank you for your .難項(xiàng)分析：第三處：writingwritten考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。write與story之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故此處需用過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示“由Mark Twain所著/所寫(xiě)”。第四處：thatwhich考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞The selection。注意：that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。第九處：isbe考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分均位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should后，需用動(dòng)詞原形，故此處改為be。*